{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2777409288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2785218","title":"A Constant Frame of Reference for Sociometric Research","display_name":"A Constant Frame of Reference for Sociometric Research","publication_year":1943,"publication_date":"1943-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2777409288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2785218","mag":"2777409288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2785218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2785218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2785218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178811","display_name":"Sociometry","issn_l":"0038-0431","issn":["0038-0431","2325-7938"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4366067035","host_organization_name":"American Sociological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4366067035"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Sociological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sociometry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003220133","display_name":"Urie Bronfenbrenner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Urie Bronfenbrenner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003220133"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.9268,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99171628,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"363","last_page":"363"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12892","display_name":"Social Power and Status Dynamics","score":0.6996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12892","display_name":"Social Power and Status Dynamics","score":0.6996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.05559999868273735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.053700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociometric-test","display_name":"sociometric test","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-status","display_name":"social status","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-structure","display_name":"group structure","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-development-developmental-psychology","display_name":"social development (developmental psychology)","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cliques","display_name":"cliques","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-dominance","display_name":"group dominance","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-organization","display_name":"social organization","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-emotional-development","display_name":"social-emotional development","score":0.7200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6530903577804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.49923133850097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74992021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184876","display_name":"Frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.45040684938430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3977106213569641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28068703413009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2399328649044037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.10059654712677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06572017073631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2785218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2785218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2785218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178811","display_name":"Sociometry","issn_l":"0038-0431","issn":["0038-0431","2325-7938"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4366067035","host_organization_name":"American Sociological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4366067035"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Sociological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sociometry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W574877792","https://openalex.org/W618941397","https://openalex.org/W1731633868","https://openalex.org/W1921313076","https://openalex.org/W1967502589","https://openalex.org/W1980169655","https://openalex.org/W2031328851","https://openalex.org/W2031555753","https://openalex.org/W2046470380","https://openalex.org/W2061258211","https://openalex.org/W2071868713","https://openalex.org/W2090559573","https://openalex.org/W2314265265","https://openalex.org/W2320860967","https://openalex.org/W2795694144","https://openalex.org/W2795878974","https://openalex.org/W2796058054","https://openalex.org/W2796119085","https://openalex.org/W2796464271","https://openalex.org/W2796534084","https://openalex.org/W2796996822","https://openalex.org/W2797198004","https://openalex.org/W2797442763","https://openalex.org/W2797538109","https://openalex.org/W2797672495","https://openalex.org/W2797902820","https://openalex.org/W2798241888","https://openalex.org/W2803034332","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W592687853","https://openalex.org/W2206745130","https://openalex.org/W7219667060","https://openalex.org/W256158067","https://openalex.org/W7204988554","https://openalex.org/W1966218681","https://openalex.org/W6930496301","https://openalex.org/W14962338","https://openalex.org/W2267795508","https://openalex.org/W7219809043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,29],"emphasis":[1,241],"of":[2,10,17,26,52,66,78,90,108,118,124,133,141,155,168,171,176,183,185,188,190,217,224,239,271,288,293],"modern":[3,247],"educational":[4],"theory":[5],"on":[6],"the":[7,15,22,35,44,49,63,71,76,79,84,91,95,122,134,139,147,153,160,169,172,180,215,222,237,240,243,258,272,286,294],"socio-emotional":[8],"aspects":[9],"human":[11,295],"growth":[12],"has":[13,31],"imposed":[14],"necessity":[16],"devising":[18],"techniques":[19],"for":[20,138],"evaluating":[21],"degree":[23],"and":[24,88,98,105,144,187,193,209,233,249,282,297],"character":[25],"social":[27,38,50,64,125,142,191,218,225],"development.":[28],"problem":[30],"been":[32],"complicated":[33],"by":[34,229],"fact":[36],"that":[37,200,257],"development":[39,126,226],"applies":[40],"not":[41,60,267],"only":[42,61,268],"to":[43,48,116,128,197,254,279],"individual":[45,244],"but":[46,73,111,275],"also":[47,74,163,276],"organization":[51],"which":[53,93],"he":[54],"is":[55,127,146,196,253],"a":[56,67,156,203,290],"part.":[57],"Variations":[58],"occur":[59],"in":[62,75,83,179,214,221,231,236,246,269,277],"status":[65,104,143,232],"particular":[68],"person":[69],"Within":[70],"group,":[72],"structure":[77,106,145],"group":[80,96,173,181],"itself-that":[81],"is,":[82],"frequency,":[85],"strength,":[86],"pattern,":[87],"basis":[89],"interrelationships":[92],"bind":[94],"together":[97],"give":[99],"it":[100,162,252],"distinctive":[101],"character.":[102],"Social":[103],"are":[107],"course":[109],"interdependent,":[110],"attention":[112],"must":[113],"be":[114,129,198,206,255,265],"given":[115],"both":[117],"these":[119],"variables":[120],"if":[121],"process":[123],"properly":[130],"understood.":[131],"One":[132],"most":[135],"ingenious":[136],"devices":[137],"study":[140,216],"sociometric":[148,262],"test.":[149],"This":[150],"technique":[151,204,273],"permits":[152],"analysis":[154,167],"person's":[157],"position":[158],"within":[159],"group;":[161],"makes":[164],"possible":[165],"an":[166],"framework":[170],"organization-an":[174],"identification":[175],"persons":[177],"dominant":[178],"structure,":[182],"cliques,":[184],"cleavages,":[186],"patterns":[189],"attraction":[192],"repulsion.":[194],"It":[195],"expected":[199,256],"so":[201],"revealing":[202],"would":[205,210,264],"widely":[207],"accepted":[208],"yield":[211],"valuable":[212],"results":[213,259],"phenomena":[219],"-particularly":[220],"investigation":[223],"as":[227],"indicated":[228],"change":[230],"structure.":[234],"Moreover,":[235],"light":[238],"upon":[242],"found":[245],"psychological":[248],"sociological":[250],"thought,":[251],"obtained":[260],"through":[261],"research":[263],"evaluated":[266],"terms":[270],"itself,":[274],"relation":[278],"other":[280],"experimental":[281],"clinical":[283],"data":[284],"with":[285],"aim":[287],"securing":[289],"better":[291],"understanding":[292],"organism":[296],"its":[298],"growth.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2018-01-05T00:00:00"}
