{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2774088766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122311","title":"The Three Pitfalls of Sustainable City: A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating the Theory-Practice Gap","display_name":"The Three Pitfalls of Sustainable City: A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating the Theory-Practice Gap","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2774088766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122311","mag":"2774088766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su9122311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122311","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/12/2311/pdf?version=1513356833","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/12/2311/pdf?version=1513356833","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004261536","display_name":"Valeria Saiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-5814","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-5814"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valeria Saiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Cagliari 09123, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-5814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Cagliari 09123, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004261536"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":3.8078,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93892635,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"12","first_page":"2311","last_page":"2311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10239","display_name":"Urban Planning and Governance","score":0.5034000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10239","display_name":"Urban Planning and Governance","score":0.5034000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14520","display_name":"Sustainable Urban and Rural Development","score":0.2703000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.07320000231266022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-cities","display_name":"sustainable cities","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-practice-gap","display_name":"theory-practice gap","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"urban planning","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-evaluation-framework","display_name":"project evaluation framework","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideal-community","display_name":"ideal community","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-complexity","display_name":"urban complexity","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-spatial-planning","display_name":"urban spatial planning","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"resource management","score":0.5249999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780032489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652360","display_name":"Sustainable city","level":3,"score":0.6010951399803162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.5212457776069641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.48725882172584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4800756573677063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.4715799391269684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.45455989241600037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.44914984703063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4213593006134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.42124325037002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2895229458808899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2861805558204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2622389793395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20939341187477112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13572609424591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su9122311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122311","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/12/2311/pdf?version=1513356833","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/242954","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11584/242954","pdf_url":"https://iris.unica.it/bitstream/11584/242954/1/2017_Sustainability-09-02311.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:9:y:2017:i:12:p:2311-:d:123073","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/12/2311/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6efb4fddb52146ad933077354a69c89b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6efb4fddb52146ad933077354a69c89b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability, Vol 9, Iss 12, p 2311 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/258375","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11584/258375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su9122311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122311","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/12/2311/pdf?version=1513356833","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2774088766.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2774088766.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164756920","https://openalex.org/W314306560","https://openalex.org/W575016626","https://openalex.org/W606280792","https://openalex.org/W625559365","https://openalex.org/W835737391","https://openalex.org/W1054714245","https://openalex.org/W1482339355","https://openalex.org/W1487367514","https://openalex.org/W1519150376","https://openalex.org/W1547751156","https://openalex.org/W1573130468","https://openalex.org/W1592644556","https://openalex.org/W1631718898","https://openalex.org/W1642069443","https://openalex.org/W1642807282","https://openalex.org/W1668361395","https://openalex.org/W1812638916","https://openalex.org/W1864736180","https://openalex.org/W1866654974","https://openalex.org/W1894305079","https://openalex.org/W1945614658","https://openalex.org/W1965446137","https://openalex.org/W1966911738","https://openalex.org/W1967000343","https://openalex.org/W1973885182","https://openalex.org/W1982279732","https://openalex.org/W1994317505","https://openalex.org/W1995331815","https://openalex.org/W1995894768","https://openalex.org/W2002213200","https://openalex.org/W2006540604","https://openalex.org/W2007311125","https://openalex.org/W2007746847","https://openalex.org/W2009816980","https://openalex.org/W2010772936","https://openalex.org/W2012963836","https://openalex.org/W2021486983","https://openalex.org/W2021698388","https://openalex.org/W2026816730","https://openalex.org/W2030324494","https://openalex.org/W2030746850","https://openalex.org/W2038487957","https://openalex.org/W2040716762","https://openalex.org/W2050654691","https://openalex.org/W2063546124","https://openalex.org/W2063774207","https://openalex.org/W2063890618","https://openalex.org/W2069072514","https://openalex.org/W2092061987","https://openalex.org/W2092810831","https://openalex.org/W2100676594","https://openalex.org/W2100701254","https://openalex.org/W2107662176","https://openalex.org/W2108526772","https://openalex.org/W2118575610","https://openalex.org/W2123726046","https://openalex.org/W2124910018","https://openalex.org/W2133677719","https://openalex.org/W2138603521","https://openalex.org/W2140795281","https://openalex.org/W2147914480","https://openalex.org/W2150929043","https://openalex.org/W2152746086","https://openalex.org/W2164592293","https://openalex.org/W2205726848","https://openalex.org/W2221501082","https://openalex.org/W2229253680","https://openalex.org/W2240611067","https://openalex.org/W2325274056","https://openalex.org/W2334653570","https://openalex.org/W2465058905","https://openalex.org/W2476946850","https://openalex.org/W2479240339","https://openalex.org/W2480363774","https://openalex.org/W2492858953","https://openalex.org/W2522720195","https://openalex.org/W2536868923","https://openalex.org/W2560996286","https://openalex.org/W2569294309","https://openalex.org/W2585911344","https://openalex.org/W2604375580","https://openalex.org/W2615401137","https://openalex.org/W2661266077","https://openalex.org/W2895170101","https://openalex.org/W2946805459","https://openalex.org/W2954035576","https://openalex.org/W3023004151","https://openalex.org/W3210813624","https://openalex.org/W4212781379","https://openalex.org/W4229797736","https://openalex.org/W4246938550","https://openalex.org/W4251226510","https://openalex.org/W4301494227"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2590472383","https://openalex.org/W2383873009","https://openalex.org/W2393580911","https://openalex.org/W2212184297","https://openalex.org/W3156456913","https://openalex.org/W2390945180","https://openalex.org/W2394052932","https://openalex.org/W2350360626","https://openalex.org/W2737552886","https://openalex.org/W2361333057"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,5,12,22,32,38,46,53,68,71,76,82,85,99,102,125,128,134,140,143,157,161,180,186,209],"last":[2],"three":[3,103,121],"decades":[4],"environmental,":[6],"economic":[7,111],"and":[8,11,14,26,81,112,115,184,212],"social":[9],"crisis":[10],"challenges":[13],"possibilities":[15],"offered":[16],"by":[17,52],"new":[18],"technologies":[19],"have":[20,92],"become":[21],"drivers":[23],"of":[24,34,40,55,75,101,105,127,136,182,188],"plans":[25],"projects":[27,77,196],"for":[28,142,179,185,197],"sustainable":[29,56,106,162,198],"cities.":[30],"In":[31],"face":[33],"a":[35,94,131,173,205],"wide":[36],"experimentation,":[37],"aim":[39],"this":[41,59,89],"paper":[42],"is":[43,50,64],"to":[44,79,155,203,208],"answer":[45],"question:":[47],"what":[48],"progress":[49],"implemented":[51],"goal":[54],"city?":[57],"To":[58,87,191],"end,":[60],"I":[61,91],"hold":[62],"it":[63,153,171],"important":[65],"point":[66],"at":[67],"watershed":[69],"between":[70],"declared":[72],"intended":[73],"goals":[74],"realized":[78],"date":[80],"results":[83],"on":[84,160,166],"ground.":[86],"analyze":[88],"discrepancy,":[90],"identified":[93],"common":[95],"theory-practice":[96],"gap":[97],"in":[98,195],"form":[100],"pitfalls":[104,122,194],"city,":[107],"which":[108],"bring":[109],"about":[110],"ethical":[113],"conflicts":[114],"risks":[116],"creating":[117],"socio-spatial":[118],"utopias.":[119],"The":[120],"are:":[123],"(1)":[124],"idea":[126],"city":[129,163,210],"as":[130],"business;":[132],"(2)":[133],"oversimplification":[135],"urban":[137,189],"complexity;":[138],"(3)":[139],"quest":[141],"ideal":[144],"community.":[145],"This":[146],"conceptual":[147],"framework":[148],"has":[149],"two":[150],"purposes.":[151],"First,":[152],"helps":[154],"systematize":[156],"existing":[158],"literature":[159],"project,":[164],"focusing":[165],"few":[167],"selected":[168],"issues.":[169],"Second,":[170],"offers":[172],"project":[174,211],"evaluation":[175],"framework,":[176],"useful":[177],"both":[178],"management":[181],"resources":[183],"planning":[187],"space.":[190],"pinpoint":[192],"these":[193],"cities":[199],"could":[200],"allow":[201],"us":[202],"adopt":[204],"holistic":[206],"approach":[207],"practice.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-19T09:35:57.686232","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}