{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2772432992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2017je005470","title":"Distribution and Characteristics of Boulder Halos at High Latitudes on Mars: Ground Ice and Surface Processes Drive Surface Reworking","display_name":"Distribution and Characteristics of Boulder Halos at High Latitudes on Mars: Ground Ice and Surface Processes Drive Surface Reworking","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2772432992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2017je005470","mag":"2772432992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/2017je005470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2017je005470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2017je005470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222121","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Planets","issn_l":"2169-9097","issn":["2169-9097","2169-9100"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047447772","display_name":"Joseph S. Levy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6222-139X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6222-139X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39660569","display_name":"Colgate University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d23ve83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39660569"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386791","display_name":"University of Texas Institute for Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj73d18","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. S. Levy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA","Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6222-139X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39660569"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403386791","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089257012","display_name":"C. I. Fassett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9155-3804","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9155-3804"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294504835","display_name":"Marshall Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02epydz83","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294504835","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. I. Fassett","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9155-3804","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294504835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072086600","display_name":"L. X. Rader","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150693791","display_name":"Mount Holyoke College","ror":"https://ror.org/031z8pr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150693791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. X. Rader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150693791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006575962","display_name":"Isabel R. King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2227-8903","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2227-8903"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133543626","display_name":"Harvey Mudd College","ror":"https://ror.org/025ecfn45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133543626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. R. King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133543626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049168206","display_name":"P. M. Chaffey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150693791","display_name":"Mount Holyoke College","ror":"https://ror.org/031z8pr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150693791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. M. Chaffey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150693791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042254162","display_name":"C. M. Wagoner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150693791","display_name":"Mount Holyoke College","ror":"https://ror.org/031z8pr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150693791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. M. Wagoner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150693791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008026105","display_name":"A. E. Hanlon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150693791","display_name":"Mount Holyoke College","ror":"https://ror.org/031z8pr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150693791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. E. Hanlon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150693791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075212601","display_name":"Jaclyn L. Watters","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386791","display_name":"University of Texas Institute for Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj73d18","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. L. Watters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403386791","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062446876","display_name":"M. A. Kreslavsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1900-826X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1900-826X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. A. Kreslavsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1900-826X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082721431","display_name":"J. W. Holt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-7848","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-7848"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386791","display_name":"University of Texas Institute for Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj73d18","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. W. Holt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403386791","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103987331","display_name":"Aaron T. Russell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386791","display_name":"University of Texas Institute for Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj73d18","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. T. Russell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403386791","https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023671959","display_name":"Melinda Darby Dyar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4272-793X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4272-793X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150693791","display_name":"Mount Holyoke College","ror":"https://ror.org/031z8pr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150693791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. D. Dyar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150693791"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047447772"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39660569","https://openalex.org/I4403386791","https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77887713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"123","issue":"2","first_page":"322","last_page":"334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mars","display_name":"Mars","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-ice","display_name":"ground ice","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impact-cratering","display_name":"impact cratering","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-inertia","display_name":"thermal inertia","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amazonian-period","display_name":"Amazonian period","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-latitudes","display_name":"high latitudes","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/size-frequency-distribution","display_name":"size-frequency distribution","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.8271089792251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41642174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106551","display_name":"Regolith","level":2,"score":0.7574042081832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83260615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6773121","display_name":"Mars Exploration Program","level":2,"score":0.6954745650291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179537507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55818","display_name":"Impact crater","level":2,"score":0.6333493590354919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184665706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186310","display_name":"Halo","level":3,"score":0.6082620620727539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778835443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39061","display_name":"Northern Hemisphere","level":2,"score":0.5955605506896973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780001261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391376","display_name":"Amazonian","level":3,"score":0.522301197052002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778600265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913850","display_name":"Martian","level":3,"score":0.5124712586402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.4390369653701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.3727647364139557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.15941253304481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535291247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177567","display_name":"Amazon rainforest","level":2,"score":0.08454734086990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.06436893343925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/2017je005470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2017je005470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2017je005470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222121","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Planets","issn_l":"2169-9097","issn":["2169-9097","2169-9100"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6983843112","display_name":"SCIENCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES. THE LATITUDE DEPENDENT MANTLE (LDM) IS CONSIDERED TO BE A WIDESPREAD (APPROX. 30-80 DEGREES LATITUDE), GLOBESPANNING DE","funder_award_id":"NNX16AJ41G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W215234287","https://openalex.org/W1484565543","https://openalex.org/W1502163944","https://openalex.org/W1522028463","https://openalex.org/W1571750711","https://openalex.org/W1591341455","https://openalex.org/W1960598803","https://openalex.org/W1964009985","https://openalex.org/W1973208973","https://openalex.org/W1982282079","https://openalex.org/W1983550241","https://openalex.org/W1990289290","https://openalex.org/W1992560446","https://openalex.org/W2009367411","https://openalex.org/W2017717906","https://openalex.org/W2018793733","https://openalex.org/W2022888544","https://openalex.org/W2028545091","https://openalex.org/W2028924837","https://openalex.org/W2031424285","https://openalex.org/W2032452384","https://openalex.org/W2038779066","https://openalex.org/W2040866041","https://openalex.org/W2042013069","https://openalex.org/W2042703828","https://openalex.org/W2045287665","https://openalex.org/W2047258300","https://openalex.org/W2048314822","https://openalex.org/W2051716722","https://openalex.org/W2070529447","https://openalex.org/W2071609995","https://openalex.org/W2082197764","https://openalex.org/W2086224342","https://openalex.org/W2086421548","https://openalex.org/W2091034152","https://openalex.org/W2091495034","https://openalex.org/W2094412389","https://openalex.org/W2100961073","https://openalex.org/W2101283146","https://openalex.org/W2106348998","https://openalex.org/W2118887362","https://openalex.org/W2120077698","https://openalex.org/W2120397217","https://openalex.org/W2120973061","https://openalex.org/W2124090329","https://openalex.org/W2139407666","https://openalex.org/W2142970696","https://openalex.org/W2143565540","https://openalex.org/W2151346430","https://openalex.org/W2152693230","https://openalex.org/W2153923805","https://openalex.org/W2159717958","https://openalex.org/W2231090260","https://openalex.org/W2320601898","https://openalex.org/W2335925283","https://openalex.org/W2521079701","https://openalex.org/W2588612296","https://openalex.org/W2624750229","https://openalex.org/W2748231140","https://openalex.org/W2749541993","https://openalex.org/W2795992331","https://openalex.org/W2963851317","https://openalex.org/W3013316671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6981963526","https://openalex.org/W3109484233","https://openalex.org/W4213020531","https://openalex.org/W4399790037","https://openalex.org/W2995724676","https://openalex.org/W2922487605","https://openalex.org/W3120300199","https://openalex.org/W3086325771","https://openalex.org/W2081794675","https://openalex.org/W165466504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Boulder":[1,15,105],"halos":[2,16,67,79,106,201,207],"are":[3,17,48,107,148],"circular":[4],"arrangements":[5],"of":[6,65,125,138,140,161,167,178,213,229,241,276,278],"clasts":[7],"present":[8],"at":[9,54,102,221,232],"Martian":[10,234],"middle":[11],"to":[12,19,69,136,274],"high":[13,156],"latitudes.":[14],"thought":[18],"result":[20],"from":[21,169],"impacts":[22,51],"into":[23],"a":[24,41],"boulder\u2010poor":[25],"surficial":[26],"unit":[27],"that":[28,37,165,182,244],"is":[29,38,173,184,236],"rich":[30],"in":[31,113,118,195,202,253],"ground":[32],"ice":[33,154,215],"and/or":[34],"sediments":[35],"and":[36,52,68,92,99,127,155,219],"underlain":[39],"by":[40,50,150,267],"competent":[42],"substrate.":[43],"In":[44,142],"this":[45],"model,":[46],"boulders":[47,168,231],"excavated":[49,245],"remain":[53],"the":[55,58,63,114,119,143,176,196,203,209,222,233,239,242,254,271],"surface":[56,188,223,235],"as":[57],"crater":[59],"degrades.":[60],"To":[61],"determine":[62],"distribution":[64,163],"boulder":[66,78,145,179,192,200,206,250],"evaluate":[70,97],"mechanisms":[71],"for":[72,77,175],"their":[73],"formation,":[74],"we":[75],"searched":[76],"over":[80],"4,188":[81],"High":[82],"Resolution":[83],"Imaging":[84],"Science":[85],"Experiment":[86],"images":[87],"located":[88],"between":[89],"~50\u201380\u00b0":[90],"north":[91,197,255],"50\u201380\u00b0":[93],"south":[94],"latitude.":[95],"We":[96],"geological":[98],"climatological":[100],"parameters":[101],"halo":[103,146,162,193,251],"sites.":[104],"about":[108],"three":[109],"times":[110],"more":[111],"common":[112],"northern":[115],"hemisphere":[116,121],"than":[117,238],"southern":[120],"(19%":[122],"versus":[123],"6%":[124],"images)":[126],"have":[128],"size\u2010frequency":[129],"distributions":[130],"suggesting":[131],"recent":[132,211],"Amazonian":[133],"formation":[134,177],"(tens":[135],"hundreds":[137,275],"millions":[139,277],"years).":[141],"north,":[144],"sites":[147],"characterized":[149],"abundant":[151],"shallow":[152],"subsurface":[153],"thermal":[157],"inertia.":[158],"Spatial":[159],"patterns":[160],"indicate":[164,256],"excavation":[166],"beneath":[170],"nonboulder\u2010bearing":[171],"substrates":[172],"necessary":[174],"halos,":[180],"but":[181],"alone":[183],"not":[185],"sufficient.":[186],"Rather,":[187],"processes":[189],"either":[190],"promote":[191],"preservation":[194],"or":[198],"destroy":[199],"south.":[204],"Notably,":[205],"predate":[208],"most":[210],"period":[212],"near\u2010surface":[214],"emplacement":[216],"on":[217,261],"Mars":[218],"persist":[220],"atop":[224],"mobile":[225],"regolith.":[226],"The":[227],"lifetime":[228,240],"observed":[230],"greater":[237],"craters":[243],"them.":[246],"Finally,":[247],"larger":[248],"minimum":[249],"sizes":[252],"thicker":[257],"icy":[258],"soil":[259],"layers":[260],"average":[262],"throughout":[263],"climate":[264],"variations":[265],"driven":[266],"spin/orbit":[268],"changes":[269],"during":[270],"last":[272],"tens":[273],"years.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2017-12-22T00:00:00"}