{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2767136179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2017.1387606","title":"Are there gender differences in cognitive reflection? Invariance and differences related to mathematics","display_name":"Are there gender differences in cognitive reflection? Invariance and differences related to mathematics","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2767136179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2017.1387606","mag":"2767136179"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/13546783.2017.1387606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2017.1387606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2017.1387606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177321595","display_name":"Thinking & Reasoning","issn_l":"1354-6783","issn":["1354-6783","1464-0708"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Thinking & Reasoning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/0f3958df-7f9f-41cc-afaf-66d9c6baefa9","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005360377","display_name":"Caterina Primi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1363-6855","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1363-6855"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Caterina Primi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurofarba Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1363-6855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurofarba Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006997455","display_name":"Maria Anna Donati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7638-9137","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7638-9137"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Anna Donati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurofarba Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurofarba Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054245828","display_name":"Francesca Chiesi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6861-9219","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6861-9219"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Chiesi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurofarba Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurofarba Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006879957","display_name":"Kinga Morsanyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7550-1454","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7550-1454"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kinga Morsanyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK","Neurofarba -Section of Psychology University of Florence (Italy) Via S.Salvi 12 -Padiglione 26 50135 Florence -Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurofarba -Section of Psychology University of Florence (Italy) Via S.Salvi 12 -Padiglione 26 50135 Florence -Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005360377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8649,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93839585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"258","last_page":"279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.01730000041425228,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12522","display_name":"Mathematics Education and Pedagogy","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-reflection","display_name":"cognitive reflection","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-reflection-test","display_name":"Cognitive Reflection Test","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-invariance","display_name":"measurement invariance","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-anxiety","display_name":"mathematics anxiety","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-reasoning","display_name":"mathematical reasoning","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numeracy-skills","display_name":"numeracy skills","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences-in-mathematics-achievement","display_name":"gender gap in mathematics","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediation","display_name":"mediation","score":0.5950000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7015281915664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.683530867099762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179420905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223871","display_name":"Mediation","level":2,"score":0.5968905687332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.5776466131210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.5561290979385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5148002505302429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.49950289726257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4922405779361725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165637930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845527","display_name":"Mathematical anxiety","level":3,"score":0.4916110634803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1589151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804207","display_name":"Measurement invariance","level":4,"score":0.43632906675338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.34460240602493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3170959949493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.2718995213508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17824530601501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12399351596832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.10998567938804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08214229345321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/13546783.2017.1387606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2017.1387606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2017.1387606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177321595","display_name":"Thinking & Reasoning","issn_l":"1354-6783","issn":["1354-6783","1464-0708"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Thinking & Reasoning","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1107930","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1107930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1273922","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1273922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/0f3958df-7f9f-41cc-afaf-66d9c6baefa9","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/0f3958df-7f9f-41cc-afaf-66d9c6baefa9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Primi, C, Donati, M A, Chiesi, F & Morsanyi, K 2017, 'Are there gender differences in cognitive reflection? Invariance and differences related to mathematics.', Thinking & Reasoning, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2017.1387606","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/0f3958df-7f9f-41cc-afaf-66d9c6baefa9","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/0f3958df-7f9f-41cc-afaf-66d9c6baefa9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Primi, C, Donati, M A, Chiesi, F & Morsanyi, K 2017, 'Are there gender differences in cognitive reflection? Invariance and differences related to mathematics.', Thinking & Reasoning, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2017.1387606","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6025999784469604}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.7200000286102295}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15735547","https://openalex.org/W66434525","https://openalex.org/W419394948","https://openalex.org/W1083926895","https://openalex.org/W1509395386","https://openalex.org/W1521785343","https://openalex.org/W1536983393","https://openalex.org/W1560635040","https://openalex.org/W1831156184","https://openalex.org/W1965067908","https://openalex.org/W1971055712","https://openalex.org/W1979776966","https://openalex.org/W1985473570","https://openalex.org/W1992193527","https://openalex.org/W1992206386","https://openalex.org/W1995081088","https://openalex.org/W1997301264","https://openalex.org/W2002917589","https://openalex.org/W2005971302","https://openalex.org/W2007006290","https://openalex.org/W2012805784","https://openalex.org/W2013950609","https://openalex.org/W2017966270","https://openalex.org/W2018856479","https://openalex.org/W2021096528","https://openalex.org/W2028674925","https://openalex.org/W2029246179","https://openalex.org/W2038702827","https://openalex.org/W2041152289","https://openalex.org/W2048414631","https://openalex.org/W2060668749","https://openalex.org/W2061246994","https://openalex.org/W2068719957","https://openalex.org/W2074932610","https://openalex.org/W2076721929","https://openalex.org/W2081056419","https://openalex.org/W2092139049","https://openalex.org/W2092500652","https://openalex.org/W2092534060","https://openalex.org/W2096187846","https://openalex.org/W2098712569","https://openalex.org/W2106149571","https://openalex.org/W2106553220","https://openalex.org/W2107174604","https://openalex.org/W2110673358","https://openalex.org/W2113168655","https://openalex.org/W2129484434","https://openalex.org/W2130273647","https://openalex.org/W2139338900","https://openalex.org/W2140416616","https://openalex.org/W2141420575","https://openalex.org/W2142604507","https://openalex.org/W2143417015","https://openalex.org/W2149033909","https://openalex.org/W2150324751","https://openalex.org/W2154299075","https://openalex.org/W2158154995","https://openalex.org/W2161080627","https://openalex.org/W2161727366","https://openalex.org/W2161788906","https://openalex.org/W2162397375","https://openalex.org/W2163662064","https://openalex.org/W2167079436","https://openalex.org/W2167536479","https://openalex.org/W2173392980","https://openalex.org/W2252570835","https://openalex.org/W2263411176","https://openalex.org/W2278988877","https://openalex.org/W2288222892","https://openalex.org/W2302521008","https://openalex.org/W2328511201","https://openalex.org/W2474588461","https://openalex.org/W2546911959","https://openalex.org/W2607230061","https://openalex.org/W2762601611","https://openalex.org/W2889272830","https://openalex.org/W2943647854","https://openalex.org/W4233721855","https://openalex.org/W4248935031","https://openalex.org/W4323306906"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2991357081","https://openalex.org/W4379053720","https://openalex.org/W4319215125","https://openalex.org/W7000624383","https://openalex.org/W3013683964","https://openalex.org/W4393318039","https://openalex.org/W1965067908","https://openalex.org/W2780721111","https://openalex.org/W3096596794","https://openalex.org/W2474588461"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0,21,81],"reflection":[1,139],"is":[2,9,140],"recognized":[3],"as":[4],"an":[5,103],"important":[6],"skill,":[7],"which":[8],"necessary":[10],"for":[11,129],"making":[12],"advantageous":[13],"decisions.":[14],"Even":[15],"though":[16],"gender":[17,40,69,107,121],"differences":[18],"in":[19,42,70],"the":[20,36,39,49,52,61,76,80,96,99,130],"Reflection":[22,82],"test":[23],"(CRT)":[24],"appear":[25],"to":[26,90],"be":[27],"robust":[28],"across":[29,54],"multiple":[30],"studies,":[31],"little":[32],"research":[33],"has":[34],"examined":[35],"source":[37],"of":[38,51,63,79,98,106,120],"gap":[41],"performance.":[43,72],"In":[44,56],"Study":[45,57],"1,":[46],"we":[47,59],"tested":[48],"invariance":[50],"scale":[53],"genders.":[55],"2,":[58],"investigated":[60],"role":[62],"math":[64,115],"anxiety,":[65],"mathematical":[66,112],"reasoning,":[67],"and":[68,92,114,145],"CRT":[71],"The":[73,117,133],"results":[74,97],"attested":[75],"measurement":[77],"equivalence":[78],"Test":[83],"\u2013":[84],"Long":[85],"(CRT-":[86],"L),":[87],"when":[88],"administered":[89],"male":[91],"female":[93],"students.":[94],"Additionally,":[95],"mediation":[100],"analysis":[101],"showed":[102],"indirect":[104],"effect":[105,119],"on":[108],"CRT-L":[109],"performance":[110],"through":[111],"reasoning":[113],"anxiety.":[116],"direct":[118],"was":[122],"no":[123],"longer":[124],"statistically":[125],"significant":[126],"after":[127],"accounting":[128],"other":[131],"variables.":[132],"current":[134],"findings":[135],"suggest":[136],"that":[137],"cognitive":[138],"affected":[141],"by":[142],"numerical":[143],"skills":[144],"related":[146],"feelings.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-22T09:42:04.148104","created_date":"2017-11-10T00:00:00"}