{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2765485178","doi":null,"title":"Automatic interpretation of clock drawings for computerised assessment of dementia","display_name":"Automatic interpretation of clock drawings for computerised assessment of dementia","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2765485178","mag":"2765485178"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:105969","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/105969/1/2017HarbiZPhD.pdf","pdf_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/105969/1/2017HarbiZPhD.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/105969/1/2017HarbiZPhD.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045747082","display_name":"Zainab Harbi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zainab Harbi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045747082"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.013299999758601189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drawing-test","display_name":"clock drawing test","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-impairment-detection","display_name":"cognitive impairment detection","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwritten-digit-recognition","display_name":"handwritten digit recognition","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-k-nearest-neighbor","display_name":"fuzzy k-nearest neighbor","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-networks","display_name":"Bayesian networks","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-fusion","display_name":"data fusion","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatio-temporal-features","display_name":"spatio-temporal features","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-analysis","display_name":"handwriting analysis","score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia-screening","display_name":"dementia screening","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-knowledge-integration","display_name":"prior knowledge incorporation","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-probabilistic-model","display_name":"hierarchical probabilistic model","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-and-dynamic-characteristics","display_name":"static and dynamic characteristics","score":0.597000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.8323334455490112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7194405794143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6493280529975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5867663621902466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.5594251751899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5567871928215027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5404016375541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132900626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534733","display_name":"Sketch recognition","level":4,"score":0.5397629737854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.49276116490364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4177480936050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37523549795150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26302462816238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11618536710739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:105969","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/105969/1/2017HarbiZPhD.pdf","pdf_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/105969/1/2017HarbiZPhD.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:2765485178","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.725709","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:105969","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/105969/1/2017HarbiZPhD.pdf","pdf_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/105969/1/2017HarbiZPhD.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320350","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2765485178.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2765485178.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":145,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10311529","https://openalex.org/W34331258","https://openalex.org/W44977109","https://openalex.org/W116902681","https://openalex.org/W132978424","https://openalex.org/W222441047","https://openalex.org/W244793653","https://openalex.org/W1482111690","https://openalex.org/W1489189690","https://openalex.org/W1489773040","https://openalex.org/W1503798456","https://openalex.org/W1527179283","https://openalex.org/W1531857721","https://openalex.org/W1549082171","https://openalex.org/W1549872659","https://openalex.org/W1576201995","https://openalex.org/W1593793857","https://openalex.org/W1594846515","https://openalex.org/W1645355120","https://openalex.org/W1818727054","https://openalex.org/W1864809774","https://openalex.org/W1873332500","https://openalex.org/W1970104171","https://openalex.org/W1979745036","https://openalex.org/W1980458013","https://openalex.org/W1981741586","https://openalex.org/W1983927101","https://openalex.org/W1987057544","https://openalex.org/W1988245217","https://openalex.org/W1992419399","https://openalex.org/W1994853484","https://openalex.org/W2000596426","https://openalex.org/W2004089144","https://openalex.org/W2008906462","https://openalex.org/W2014347195","https://openalex.org/W2015401436","https://openalex.org/W2024986448","https://openalex.org/W2027125558","https://openalex.org/W2029189646","https://openalex.org/W2030428246","https://openalex.org/W2036158232","https://openalex.org/W2042025425","https://openalex.org/W2043224889","https://openalex.org/W2043968690","https://openalex.org/W2044171072","https://openalex.org/W2047266902","https://openalex.org/W2055075080","https://openalex.org/W2061270248","https://openalex.org/W2061620618","https://openalex.org/W2066235823","https://openalex.org/W2072498467","https://openalex.org/W2074335790","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2080508823","https://openalex.org/W2082472820","https://openalex.org/W2082542979","https://openalex.org/W2086572812","https://openalex.org/W2087477463","https://openalex.org/W2090508721","https://openalex.org/W2095428068","https://openalex.org/W2095635231","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2095754765","https://openalex.org/W2095858069","https://openalex.org/W2096352448","https://openalex.org/W2097167419","https://openalex.org/W2098201295","https://openalex.org/W2098870221","https://openalex.org/W2102995103","https://openalex.org/W2105082289","https://openalex.org/W2105360341","https://openalex.org/W2105476441","https://openalex.org/W2106823193","https://openalex.org/W2107647130","https://openalex.org/W2108192156","https://openalex.org/W2109324396","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113089599","https://openalex.org/W2116881180","https://openalex.org/W2117625122","https://openalex.org/W2120981304","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2122130267","https://openalex.org/W2124229849","https://openalex.org/W2124957984","https://openalex.org/W2130939059","https://openalex.org/W2132426614","https://openalex.org/W2133521982","https://openalex.org/W2133978953","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2136404418","https://openalex.org/W2137097255","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2140680739","https://openalex.org/W2141125852","https://openalex.org/W2142069714","https://openalex.org/W2143176825","https://openalex.org/W2143239742","https://openalex.org/W2146352414","https://openalex.org/W2146521249","https://openalex.org/W2146948159","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2147979098","https://openalex.org/W2149266633","https://openalex.org/W2152506794","https://openalex.org/W2152701198","https://openalex.org/W2154505759","https://openalex.org/W2156613212","https://openalex.org/W2156717173","https://openalex.org/W2157391134","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2164568552","https://openalex.org/W2165550819","https://openalex.org/W2168958753","https://openalex.org/W2171330332","https://openalex.org/W2171886029","https://openalex.org/W2188645286","https://openalex.org/W2227250087","https://openalex.org/W2254236425","https://openalex.org/W2303931467","https://openalex.org/W2306208437","https://openalex.org/W2344446223","https://openalex.org/W2346154048","https://openalex.org/W2346754386","https://openalex.org/W2396666837","https://openalex.org/W2399802545","https://openalex.org/W2417630914","https://openalex.org/W2483418315","https://openalex.org/W2590489721","https://openalex.org/W2592391132","https://openalex.org/W2603913136","https://openalex.org/W2605510900","https://openalex.org/W2626825325","https://openalex.org/W2762963618","https://openalex.org/W2905164195","https://openalex.org/W2929146699","https://openalex.org/W2963173190","https://openalex.org/W2973651390","https://openalex.org/W2979006918","https://openalex.org/W3081040796","https://openalex.org/W3107947366","https://openalex.org/W3202619697","https://openalex.org/W4231204067","https://openalex.org/W4239510810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2753612061","https://openalex.org/W2401062574","https://openalex.org/W2535980482","https://openalex.org/W3129303648","https://openalex.org/W2122806404","https://openalex.org/W4377292159","https://openalex.org/W4285199521","https://openalex.org/W4313552496","https://openalex.org/W2250251955","https://openalex.org/W2537801212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,129,189,221,250,268,292,317,379],"clock":[1,60],"drawing":[2,218,266],"test":[3,9,20,25,68],"(CDT)":[4],"is":[5,32,71,89,125,191,223,271,322,340,348],"a":[6,47,72,81,117,145,192,224,236,272,281,302,349,375],"standard":[7],"neurological":[8],"for":[10,122,150,264,354,400,406,433],"detection":[11],"of":[12,18,34,41,49,84,91,108,156,163,174,180,195,207,239,252,283,311,331,337,358,381,423,442],"cognitive":[13,85],"impairment.":[14],"A":[15],"computerised":[16,43],"version":[17],"the":[19,35,39,42,59,67,76,92,135,159,171,196,208,217,247,253,260,341,356,382,411,431],"has":[21,80,185],"potential":[22],"to":[23,96,111,324],"improve":[24],"accessibility":[26],"and":[27,52,87,127,133,170,213,235,241,285,313,371,404,428,438],"accuracy.":[28,333],"CDT":[29,78,123,146,198,210,226,248,265,365,385,390,402,414],"sketch":[30,124,199,211,227,386,415,426],"interpretation":[31,100,120,131,200,219,387,416],"one":[33,90],"first":[36,93,160,190],"stages":[37],"in":[38,66,139,329,374,421,436],"analysis":[40],"test.":[44],"It":[45],"produces":[46],"set":[48,148,161,238,282],"recognised":[50],"digits":[51],"symbols":[53],"together":[54],"with":[55,301,396],"their":[56],"positions":[57],"on":[58,105,203,231,280,389],"face.":[61],"Subsequently,":[62],"these":[63],"are":[64,142],"used":[65],"scoring.":[69],"This":[70,153],"challenging":[73],"problem":[74,357],"because":[75],"average":[77],"taker":[79],"high":[82,419],"likelihood":[83],"impairment,":[86],"writing":[88],"functional":[94],"activities":[95],"be":[97],"affected.":[98],"Current":[99],"systems":[101],"perform":[102],"less":[103],"well":[104],"this":[106,115,140,151,338],"kind":[107],"data":[109,147,154,315,361,391],"due":[110],"its":[112],"unintelligibility.":[113],"In":[114],"thesis,":[116],"novel":[118,225],"automatic":[119,413],"system":[121,132,201,388,417],"proposed":[126,130,197,254,318,383,412],"developed.":[128],"all":[134],"related":[136],"algorithms":[137],"developed":[138],"thesis":[141,184],"evaluated":[143],"using":[144],"collected":[149],"study.":[152],"consist":[155],"two":[157,295],"sets,":[158],"consisting":[162,173],"65":[164],"drawings":[165,176,179,403],"made":[166],"by":[167,368],"healthy":[168,369],"people,":[169],"second":[172,222],"100":[175],"reproduced":[177],"from":[178,246,289],"dementia":[181,372,407,437],"patients.":[182],"\\nThis":[183],"four":[186],"main":[187],"contributions.":[188],"conceptual":[193],"model":[194,353],"based":[202,230,279],"integrating":[204],"prior":[205],"knowledge":[206],"expected":[209],"structure":[212],"human":[214],"reasoning":[215],"into":[216],"system.":[220],"segmentation":[228],"algorithm":[229,278,293,321],"supervised":[232],"machine":[233],"learning":[234],"new":[237,273,350],"temporal":[240],"spatial":[242],"features":[243,287],"automatically":[244],"extracted":[245,288],"data.":[249,291,408],"evaluation":[251,380],"method":[255,263],"shows":[256,392,418],"that":[257],"it":[258],"outperforms":[259],"current":[261],"state-of-the-art":[262],"segmentation.":[267],"third":[269],"contribution":[270,336],"\\nv":[274],"\\nhandwritten":[275],"digit":[276,319],"recognition":[277,320,332,398],"static":[284,312],"dynamic":[286,314],"handwritten":[290],"combines":[294],"classifiers,":[296],"fuzzy":[297],"k-nearest":[298],"neighbour\u2019s":[299],"classifier":[300,327],"Convolutional":[303],"Neural":[304],"Network":[305,345],"(CNN),":[306],"which":[307,347],"take":[308],"advantage":[309],"both":[310],"representation.":[316],"shown":[323],"outperform":[325],"each":[326],"individually":[328],"terms":[330,422],"\\nThe":[334],"final":[335],"study":[339],"probabilistic":[342,352,376],"Situational":[343],"Bayesian":[344,377],"(SBN),":[346],"hierarchical":[351],"addressing":[355],"fusing":[359],"diverse":[360],"sources,":[362],"such":[363],"as":[364],"sketches":[366],"created":[367],"volunteers":[370],"patients,":[373],"network.":[378],"SBN-based":[384],"highly":[393],"promising":[394],"results,":[395],"100%":[397],"accuracy":[399,420],"heathy":[401],"97.15%":[405],"\\nTo":[409],"conclude,":[410],"recognising":[424],"different":[425],"objects":[427],"thus":[429],"paves":[430],"way":[432],"further":[434],"research":[435],"clinical":[439],"computer-assisted":[440],"diagnosis":[441],"dementia.":[443]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2017-11-10T00:00:00"}
