{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2765327637","doi":null,"title":"Melanocotins of the Central Nervous System: Structural Insights on Pigmentation and Appetite - eScholarship","display_name":"Melanocotins of the Central Nervous System: Structural Insights on Pigmentation and Appetite - eScholarship","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2765327637","mag":"2765327637"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2765327637","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt2sq859qb/qt2sq859qb.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003141930","display_name":"Michael Edward Madonna","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Edward Madonna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003141930"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.283295,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10489","display_name":"Regulation of Appetite and Obesity","score":0.8109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2807","display_name":"Endocrine and Autonomic Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10489","display_name":"Regulation of Appetite and Obesity","score":0.8109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2807","display_name":"Endocrine and Autonomic Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10814","display_name":"Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology","score":0.07880000025033951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.06449999660253525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melanocortin-system","display_name":"melanocortin system","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proopiomelanocortin","display_name":"proopiomelanocortin","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melanocortin-receptors","display_name":"melanocortin receptors","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agouti-related-protein","display_name":"agouti-related protein","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agouti-signaling-protein","display_name":"ASIP","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mc1r","display_name":"MC1R","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melanocortin-4-receptor","display_name":"melanocortin-4 receptor","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melanocortin-3-receptor","display_name":"melanocortin 3 receptor","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-onset-obesity","display_name":"early-onset obesity","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proteoglycan-binding","display_name":"proteoglycan binding","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appetite-regulation","display_name":"appetite regulation","score":0.4950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779993316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6591465","display_name":"Melanocortin","level":3,"score":0.8736875057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43790157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21118678","display_name":"Melanocortin 3 receptor","level":5,"score":0.801362156867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776878037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169444","display_name":"Zebrafish","level":3,"score":0.6801174283027649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.612912118434906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.6119204163551331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2491326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377024","display_name":"Energy homeostasis","level":3,"score":0.5587558746337891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909567013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6591465","display_name":"Melanocortins","level":4,"score":0.5576220750808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777241137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24784850","display_name":"Melanocortin receptor","level":4,"score":0.521014928817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135285700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38173","display_name":"G protein-coupled receptor","level":3,"score":0.5178897380828857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781309135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418896","display_name":"Proopiomelanocortin","level":3,"score":0.5124319195747375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.506857693195343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75908981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28578","display_name":"Appetite","level":2,"score":0.48287466168403625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173396325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501275","display_name":"Gene knockdown","level":3,"score":0.47791987657546997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.43473339080810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.3477717638015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3474588394165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.2498876452445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.16363772749900818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2765327637","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt2sq859qb/qt2sq859qb.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1838127755","https://openalex.org/W2040364475","https://openalex.org/W1572502886","https://openalex.org/W2368284836","https://openalex.org/W1556464959","https://openalex.org/W2280636096","https://openalex.org/W1918091753","https://openalex.org/W3023565229","https://openalex.org/W1989993162","https://openalex.org/W1487077875"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,159],"Melanocortin":[1,61],"system":[2,54],"of":[3,16,47,59,175,184,211,275,298,331,355,373,387,399],"G-Protein":[4],"coupled":[5],"receptors":[6,28,51,62],"and":[7,24,66,79,84,93,103,111,121,128,134,143,153,162,169,186,189,203,224,226,262,308,314,345,363,368,401],"ligands":[8,33,89],"plays":[9],"a":[10,56,172,193,264,276,281,294,358],"vital":[11,265],"role":[12],"in":[13,97,118,126,140,200,205,247,267,286,292,342,380],"cell":[14],"signaling":[15],"many":[17],"important":[18],"physiological":[19],"processes,":[20],"including":[21],"pigmentation,":[22],"steroidogenesis,":[23],"metabolic":[25,406],"control.":[26],"These":[27,390],"are":[29,101],"all":[30],"activated":[31],"by":[32,43,382],"derived":[34],"from":[35],"the":[36,75,119,141,206,212,217,234,238,241,248,254,268,311,328,332,340,371,393,397],"proopiomelanocortin":[37],"(POMC).":[38],"This":[39,214,318],"prohormone":[40],"is":[41,116,137,231,244,263],"processed":[42],"tissue":[44,109],"specific":[45],"expression":[46,110,161],"various":[48],"proteases.":[49],"Three":[50],"within":[52],"this":[53,299,305,356],"have":[55,392],"secondary":[57],"level":[58],"regulation.":[60],"(McRs)":[63],"1,":[64,167],"3":[65,168],"4":[67,170],"also":[68],"respond":[69],"to":[70,301,322,370,395],"endogenously":[71],"expressed":[72,117,139,204,246],"antagonist":[73,196],"proteins,":[74],"agouti-signaling":[76],"protein":[77,81,215,256],"(ASIP)":[78],"agouti-related":[80],"(AgRP).":[82],"ASIP":[83,136,223],"AgRP":[85,115,333],"compete":[86],"with":[87,151],"POMC":[88],"for":[90,95,123,177,182,222,233,258],"receptor":[91,112,287],"binding":[92,113,163,288,313,344],"signal":[94],"reduction":[96],"cAMP.":[98],"Both":[99],"antagonists":[100],"sequentially":[102],"structurally":[104],"similar;":[105],"yet":[106],"show":[107],"differing":[108],"specificities.":[114],"hypothalamus":[120],"signals":[122,257],"an":[124],"increase":[125],"appetite":[127,364],"lower":[129],"energy":[130,187,404],"expenditure":[131],"through":[132,146,155],"Mc3R":[133,152],"Mc4R.":[135,317],"primarily":[138],"skin":[142],"affects":[144],"pigmentation":[145,185],"Mc1R,":[147],"but":[148],"can":[149],"interact":[150],"Mc4R":[154],"some":[156],"genetic":[157],"mutations.":[158],"ligand":[160],"specificity":[164],"at":[165,316],"McRs":[166],"provide":[171],"unique":[173],"set":[174],"tools":[176],"understanding":[178],"structural":[179],"determinants":[180],"required":[181],"regulation":[183],"balance":[188,405],"homeostasis.":[190],"Here":[191],"study":[192,327],"novel":[194],"third":[195],"sequence,":[197,279],"AgRP2,":[198],"discovered":[199],"teleost":[201],"fish":[202],"light":[207],"sensitive":[208],"Pineal":[209],"gland":[210],"brain.":[213,249],"shares":[216],"same":[218],"cysteine":[219,302],"spacing":[220],"observed":[221],"AgRP,":[225],"pharmacological":[227],"studies":[228,251,349,391],"revealed":[229],"AgRP2":[230,255],"selective":[232],"zebrafish":[235,242],"Mc1R.":[236],"Unlike":[237],"human":[239],"homologue,":[240],"Mc1R":[243],"highly":[245],"Knockdown":[250],"reveal":[252],"that":[253,290,377,386],"pigment":[259],"granule":[260],"aggregation":[261],"molecule":[266],"background":[269],"adaptive":[270],"process.":[271],"Next,":[272],"NMR":[273],"analysis":[274],"\u03b2-MSH":[277],"mutant":[278],"identified":[280],"tyrosine":[282],"residue,":[283],"not":[284],"involved":[285],"contacts,":[289],"participates":[291],"forming":[293],"turn":[295,306],"motif.":[296],"Mutation":[297],"residue":[300],"significantly":[303],"reduces":[304,310],"structure":[307],"dramatically":[309],"agonist":[312],"activity":[315],"mutation":[319],"predisposes":[320],"carriers":[321],"early-onset":[323],"obesity.":[324],"Finally,":[325],"we":[326],"non-ICK":[329],"regions":[330],"protein.":[334],"Isothermal":[335],"titration":[336],"calorimetry":[337],"experiments":[338],"implicate":[339],"C-loop":[341],"proteoglycan":[343],"motivated":[346],"rat":[347],"feeding":[348,379],"on":[350],"C-terminal":[351],"constructs.":[352],"Through":[353],"truncation":[354],"domain,":[357],"correlation":[359],"between":[360],"peptide":[361],"charge":[362],"stimulation":[365],"was":[366],"characterized":[367],"led":[369],"design":[372],"so-called":[374],"Super-AgRP":[375],"proteins":[376],"stimulate":[378],"rodents":[381],"more":[383],"than":[384],"twice":[385],"wild-type":[388],"AgRP.":[389],"potential":[394],"revolutionize":[396],"treatment":[398],"cachexia":[400],"other":[402],"negative":[403],"disorders.":[407]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-19T15:00:24.278416","created_date":"2017-11-10T00:00:00"}