{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2763392240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.3.625","title":"Why Biography?","display_name":"Why Biography?","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2763392240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.3.625","mag":"2763392240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/ahr.114.3.625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.3.625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.3.625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197437610","display_name":"The American Historical Review","issn_l":"0002-8762","issn":["0002-8762","1937-5239"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Historical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067892142","display_name":"Alice Kessler\u2010Harris","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alice Kessler-Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067892142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4620,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4620},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0339,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97864438,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"114","issue":"3","first_page":"625","last_page":"630"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13474","display_name":"Autobiographical and Biographical Writing","score":0.5356000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13474","display_name":"Autobiographical and Biographical Writing","score":0.5356000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13495","display_name":"Biographical and Historical Analysis","score":0.31839999556541443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12777","display_name":"Philosophy, History, and Historiography","score":0.10610000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virginia-woolf","display_name":"Virginia Woolf","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-facts","display_name":"historical facts","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authenticity","display_name":"authenticity","score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feminist-biography","display_name":"feminist biography","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/roger-fry","display_name":"Roger Fry","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historiography","display_name":"historiography","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feminist-historiography","display_name":"feminist historiography","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-history","display_name":"women's history","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historiographical-debate","display_name":"historiographical debate","score":0.3179999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520712124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36279","display_name":"Biography","level":2,"score":0.8297683596611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3395799398422241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.33364948630332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.1739274263381958}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/ahr.114.3.625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.3.625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.3.625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197437610","display_name":"The American Historical Review","issn_l":"0002-8762","issn":["0002-8762","1937-5239"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Historical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250949223","https://openalex.org/W2980251727","https://openalex.org/W2994796946","https://openalex.org/W2486883422","https://openalex.org/W7053693220","https://openalex.org/W2308522075","https://openalex.org/W2282284862","https://openalex.org/W2027960159","https://openalex.org/W2393260130","https://openalex.org/W2057393634"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0,951],"years":[1,1870,2098],"I":[2,17,23,65,121,125,155,692,708,802,812,889,909,920,961,966,996,1000,1014,1039,1111,1116,1120,1136,1160,1190,1230,1266,1268,1335,1337,1370,1389,1422,1554,1582,1588,1708,1722,1744,2637,2915,2948,3039],"resisted":[3,3046],"the":[4,13,36,53,85,104,108,130,174,199,206,209,214,260,272,275,285,288,302,307,322,339,353,373,379,386,389,391,408,416,447,473,480,504,528,534,537,563,579,613,633,647,661,664,686,705,710,730,738,746,758,763,769,774,778,784,806,824,827,838,849,869,894,906,914,937,985,1009,1029,1055,1061,1070,1076,1083,1086,1089,1101,1125,1128,1140,1163,1194,1215,1234,1274,1277,1290,1342,1347,1355,1375,1380,1462,1486,1529,1545,1561,1575,1596,1603,1625,1640,1659,1698,1713,1755,1762,1781,1786,1797,1846,1880,1971,1975,1979,1988,2036,2041,2044,2055,2074,2086,2093,2097,2128,2202,2206,2209,2215,2229,2232,2269,2279,2294,2298,2405,2410,2455,2579,2585,2617,2648,2676,2681,2733,2746,2756,2768,2778,2810,2826,2833,2838,2906,2911,2925,2928,2932,2940,2958,2971,3001,3012,3016,3020,3024,3029,3035,3047,3098,3124,3131,3135,3142,3145,3148,3157,3173,3183,3190],"notion":[5,711],"that":[6,89,97,124,212,259,295,444,466,476,501,541,600,712,808,847,1038,1050,1171,1203,1205,1237,1345,1357,1477,1632,1702,1806,1996,2057,2195,2387,2395,2499,2601,2651,2688,2715,2732,2755,2917,2955,2973,3010,3042,3188],"an":[7,59,165,297,430,450,607,820,835,859,885,922,957,1419,1654,1872,2319,2861,2895],"individual":[8,60,90,105,505,566,665,886,895,923],"life":[9,57,106,448,896,924,993,1042,1066,1145,1635,1819,1881,1920,2323,2897,2942,2962,2975,3002,3085,3105,3149],"could":[10,467,1481,1694,2115,2124,2492,2721],"speak":[11,653,3155],"to":[12,28,31,46,99,115,143,149,264,287,313,334,371,398,404,456,491,509,517,556,589,630,639,645,660,701,751,804,883,891,899,911,928,969,1047,1053,1192,1221,1227,1233,1373,1391,1396,1430,1471,1496,1563,1590,1623,1726,1768,1791,1864,1904,1940,2004,2013,2066,2084,2112,2184,2199,2247,2253,2288,2313,2317,2325,2334,2390,2402,2454,2463,2523,2590,2609,2614,2643,2657,2698,2708,2753,2849,2858,2860,2877,2892,2900,2944,2953,2966,3061,3069,3156,3169],"larger":[14,938,1286],"historical":[15,598,619,907,3152,3158],"processes":[16,945],"was":[18,91,126,233,1403,1418,1475,1502,1896,1903,2176,2218,2307,2543,2559,2621,2632,2718],"interested":[19],"in":[20,52,112,184,228,271,488,581,704,717,823,881,887,949,984,1020,1243,1255,1260,1288,1405,1485,1522,1547,1593,1754,1764,1824,1827,1833,1845,1861,1921,1970,1987,2018,2096,2201,2205,2231,2250,2297,2372,2500,2582,2701,2736,2741,2777,2837,2902,2960,3097,3147],"exploring.":[21],"Biography,":[22],"told":[24],"myself,":[25],"is":[26,171,187,193,311,698,833,858,918,956,1622,1750,1783,2534,2818,2898],"closer":[27,2050],"fiction":[29,47,722],"than":[30,294,573,856,873,1761,1934,2611,3130],"history.":[32],"It":[33],"is,":[34,1013],"as":[35,76,78,118,330,396,407,453,464,479,498,548,627,757,876,1115,1175,1185,1249,1254,1317,1505,1557,1581,1619,1721,1735,1739,1945,1956,2148,2186,2507,2546,2639,2800,2802,2876,2890,2905,2937],"literary":[37,1538],"critic":[38],"Catherine":[39],"Parke":[40],"points":[41,525],"out,":[42],"located":[43],"right":[44],"next":[45],"on":[48,173,235,348,352,797,1393,1600,1901,2331,2369,2529,2832],"library":[49],"shelves":[50],"and":[51,63,107,186,211,306,318,326,361,533,583,611,643,654,683,783,796,841,940,942,1023,1032,1067,1080,1082,1091,1096,1100,1113,1127,1148,1179,1187,1224,1240,1259,1279,1281,1295,1306,1315,1326,1353,1361,1367,1382,1410,1412,1517,1535,1550,1574,1611,1627,1630,1636,1665,1680,1684,1688,1724,1738,1779,1796,1803,1812,1848,1860,1898,1908,1923,1952,1962,1967,2007,2023,2100,2119,2125,2136,2157,2163,2165,2263,2274,2344,2364,2381,2393,2412,2416,2420,2427,2436,2447,2480,2486,2518,2526,2539,2555,2561,2574,2628,2636,2669,2722,2881,2910,2935,2970,2993,3034,3154,3185],"public's":[54],"imagination.1":[55],"The":[56,145,299,565,2192,2351],"of":[58,102,110,162,197,208,213,239,274,290,296,304,321,375,419,449,494,502,526,539,577,597,609,616,624,635,663,721,740,753,768,771,786,791,826,837,851,861,902,905,946,991,1008,1028,1035,1057,1064,1078,1085,1094,1103,1108,1155,1182,1202,1214,1251,1276,1284,1292,1341,1349,1354,1384,1400,1415,1442,1452,1464,1493,1531,1536,1577,1602,1607,1639,1645,1656,1662,1666,1676,1678,1682,1686,1690,1697,1700,1712,1758,1777,1789,1800,1842,1869,1882,1959,1978,1993,2001,2028,2038,2054,2061,2073,2076,2080,2089,2173,2208,2224,2271,2303,2321,2338,2361,2378,2404,2409,2438,2458,2474,2512,2521,2537,2594,2634,2695,2758,2767,2771,2825,2840,2868,2884,2957,2991,3008,3014,3018,3022,3026,3031,3037,3049,3073,3101,3106,3113,3118,3126],"might":[61,80,925,2503,3163],"instruct":[62],"entertain,":[64],"thought,":[66,1709],"but":[67,136,435,463,575,675,707,935,1226,2150,2180,3175],"even":[68,943,1689,2290,2776,3043],"at":[69,1162,1871,1888,2140,2278,2814],"its":[70,460,1097,1149,1176,1394,1551,1810,1813,2067,2326,2946],"best,":[71],"it":[72,192,727,857,880,1012,1328,1402,1476,2217,3095,3176],"couldn't":[73],"tell":[74,866,1397],"us":[75,516,867,898,927,1398,3087,3102,3180],"much":[77,385,1213,1248,1303,1537,2472,3088],"we":[79,83,331,357,381,402,412,439,445,477,507,637,713,1566,1693,1706,1766,2730,2750,2807,2888,2918,2923,2938],"learn":[81,2920],"if":[82,2922,3123,3134],"explored":[84],"issues":[86,1718],"with":[87,355,632,685,1026,1151,1407,1498,1584,1852,1911,1990,2133,2146,2159,2549,3005,3063],"which":[88,356,411,650,1131,1197,1416,1540,2595],"involved.":[92],"Even":[93],"feminist":[94],"biographies,":[95],"those":[96,258,863,1183,1453,2437],"attended":[98,1857],"\u201cthe":[100,194,523,558],"facts":[101,185,305,340,363,395,739],"both":[103,359,1544,1809],"condition":[109],"women":[111,1790,2039,2077,2109,2304,2610,2799],"history,\u201d":[113],"tended":[114],"employ":[116],"history":[117,333,875,1757,2738],"background":[119],"illumination.2":[120],"think":[122,590,921,1267],"now":[123,1002,1437],"wrong\u2014perhaps":[127],"not":[128,436,452,736,930,1219,1246,1301,2151,2349,2847,2950,3053,3079,3164],"about":[129,137,378,695,868,971,1569,1592,3089,3182],"way":[131,559,592],"many":[132,622,690,1669,2031,2200,2691],"biographies":[133,1534],"are":[134,245,341,714,743,749,844,1051,1206,2428,2751,2795,2887],"written,":[135],"what":[138,428,520,636,668,677,862,1565,1743,1765,1902,2306,2788,3122],"a":[139,267,291,336,454,469,492,570,699,852,903,947,982,1005,1104,1167,1270,1408,1433,1440,1443,1448,1465,1614,1620,1736,1740,1867,1883,1906,1918,1946,1957,1991,1998,2008,2049,2058,2144,2237,2300,2322,2362,2373,2444,2465,2501,2513,2516,2599,2640,2742,2772,2879,3006,3064,3071,3104,3111,3161],"historian":[140,392,483,1621],"can":[141,220,865,1338,2963,3094,3138],"bring":[142],"biography.":[144],"doubts":[146],"first":[147,2087],"began":[148,1725],"creep":[150],"into":[151,364,472,569,618,932,936,1124,1653,2043,2241,2243,2443],"my":[152,247,625,845,992],"head":[153],"when":[154,1587,1894,2490,2607,2612],"read":[156],"Virginia":[157,724,3166],"Woolf's":[158,3167],"essay":[159],"\u201cThe":[160],"Art":[161],"Biography.\u201d":[163],"As":[164,1110,1189,2259,2728],"art,":[166],"Woolf":[167,201,250,725],"tells":[168],"us,":[169,772],"biography":[170,238,493,3072,3127,3137,3162],"built":[172],"author's":[175,276],"imagination.":[176],"But":[177,266,344,1011,2497,3121],"unlike":[178],"fiction,":[179],"she":[180,226,232,544,671,733,1132,1309,1417,1428,1503,1519,1703,1829,1838,1877,1895,1981,2255,2260,2461,2542,2620,2631,2660,2686,2717,2846,3051,3081],"adds,":[181],"\u201cbiography":[182,829],"resides":[183],"bound":[188],"by":[189,594,1075,1139,1166,1379,1746,1774,1785,1974,2376,2646,2798,3172],"them,\u201d":[190],"so":[191,384,550,1247,1302,1458,1483,1506,1508,2114,2197,2678,2690,2749,2870,2874],"most":[195,990,1604,1641,2406,2587],"restricted":[196],"all":[198,1523,2169,2473,2633,2671,2956,3110],"arts.\u201d3":[200],"found":[202,703],"this":[203,591,728,800,1478,1728,1821,2033,2106,3056],"distinction":[204],"between":[205,301,530],"work":[207,1865,1969,2380,2400],"novelist":[210],"biographer":[215,286,764],"her":[216,229,236,680,1036,1041,1134,1143,1152,1244,1252,1322,1365,1456,1497,1548,1570,1572,1578,1594,1634,1652,1853,1892,1960,1968,1984,2141,2181,2190,2225,2265,2284,2314,2335,2355,2459,2475,2484,2553,2583,2592,2645,2654,2658,2696,2700,2712,2841,2856,2866,2872,2967,2974,2982,2984,2986,2988,3074],"major":[217],"challenge.":[218],"\u201cHow":[219],"one":[221,1731,2536],"cut":[222],"loose":[223],"from":[224,410,649,1560,2040,2711,2726,2745,3151],"facts,\u201d":[225],"wrote":[227,2384],"diary":[230],"while":[231],"working":[234],"own":[237,461,719,2327,2336,2842],"Roger":[240],"Fry,":[241],"\u201cwhen":[242],"there":[243,697,1749],"they":[244,742,1937,2720,2791,2796],"contradicting":[246],"theories.\u201d4":[248],"Fiction,":[249],"averred,":[251],"\u201cis":[252],"created":[253],"without":[254],"any":[255,2737],"restrictions":[256],"save":[257],"artist":[261],"\u2026":[262,761],"chooses":[263],"obey.\u201d":[265],"biography's":[268],"authenticity":[269],"\u201clies":[270],"truth":[273,310,792,2735],"vision.\u201d":[277],"This":[278],"\u201cvery":[279],"cruel":[280],"distinction,\u201d":[281],"thought":[282,1610],"Woolf,":[283],"consigned":[284],"role":[289,1236,1287],"craftsman":[292],"rather":[293],"artist.5":[298],"tension":[300],"play":[303],"search":[308,518],"for":[309,324,422,459,519,667,676,1329,1438,1866,2121,2468,2470,2565,2828],"familiar":[312],"every":[314,1843],"historian:":[315],"our":[316,342,345,349,376,414,423,499,531,651,718,1359],"bread":[317],"butter":[319],"consists":[320],"hunt":[323],"new":[325,360,582,2059,2107],"illuminating":[327,578],"\u201cfacts.\u201d":[328],"Insofar":[329],"imagine":[332,813],"be":[335,399,457,555,702,794,1003,2964],"social":[337,941,1031,1173,1257,1409,1756,2769,2850,2907,3186],"science,":[338],"data.":[343],"art":[346],"rests":[347],"interpretive":[350],"skills,":[351],"elegance":[354],"weave":[358],"old":[362,2853],"persuasive":[365],"arguments.":[366],"If":[367,1692,2221],"these":[368,952,1524,1556,2174,2434,2784,2992],"arguments":[369],"help":[370,926],"alter":[372,2855],"perceptions":[374,1181],"readers":[377],"world":[380,538,687],"live":[382,1792,3103],"in,":[383],"better.":[387],"Unlike":[388],"novelist-turned-biographer,":[390],"rarely":[393],"sees":[394],"challenges":[397],"surmounted.":[400],"Rather,":[401,2541],"tend":[403],"view":[405,1154],"them":[406],"material":[409],"craft":[413],"stories;":[415],"building":[417],"blocks":[418],"explanation;":[420],"grist":[421],"mills.":[424],"We":[425],"argue":[426],"over":[427,437],"constitutes":[429],"appropriate":[431],"or":[432,543,670,679,878,974,1311,2234,2763,2817],"usable":[433],"fact,":[434],"whether":[438,696],"need":[440],"them.":[441],"Suppose,":[442],"then,":[443,1425,1618,2674],"imagined":[446],"individual,":[451],"subject":[455,532,750,1530,3125],"studied":[458],"sake,":[462],"evidence":[465,1250],"provide":[468,2464],"different":[470,1006,2903],"path":[471],"past.":[474,871,1010,3192],"Suppose":[475],"could,":[478,1707,2638],"great":[481],"British":[482],"E.":[484],"P.":[485],"Thompson":[486,521,549],"suggested":[487,2095],"his":[489,560,678],"introduction":[490],"William":[495],"Blake,":[496],"take":[497,2116],"task":[500],"\u201cplacing\u201d":[503],"whom":[506],"wish":[508],"study.":[510],"Our":[511,546],"effort":[512],"would":[513,554,1001,2204,3052,3177],"then":[514,567,1900,2308],"lead":[515],"calls":[522],"nodal":[524],"conflict\u201d:":[527],"tensions":[529,840,1084,1356,1631,3146],"social/political":[535],"world,":[536,2108],"ideas":[540],"he":[542,669,2441,2491],"encountered.":[545],"object,":[547],"succinctly":[551],"put":[552,726],"it,":[553,1325],"explore":[557],"mind":[561],"meets":[562],"world.\u201d6":[564],"turns":[568],"\u201cfact\u201d\u2014more":[571],"complicated":[572,1235,1907],"most,":[574],"capable":[576],"past":[580],"exciting":[584],"ways.":[585],"I've":[586,628,656,988],"been":[587,1528,1808,2505],"enticed":[588],"partly":[593],"recent":[595],"forms":[596],"analysis":[599],"have":[601,673,1490,1542,1671,2388,2424,2504,2602,3054],"privileged":[602],"subjective":[603],"viewpoints,":[604],"rendered":[605],"experience":[606],"object":[608,832,1463,1655],"exploration,":[610],"turned":[612,1651,2312,2433],"collective":[614],"memories":[615],"individuals":[617],"sources.":[620],"Like":[621,689,2070],"others":[623,1320,2869],"generation,":[626,2227],"come":[629],"terms":[631],"limits":[634],"used":[638,1327,1767,2589,2797],"call":[640,1769],"\u201cobjective\u201d":[641],"standpoints":[642],"begun":[644],"interrogate":[646],"perspectives":[648],"subjects":[652],"write,":[655,1114],"paid":[657],"increasing":[658],"attention":[659,2270,2453],"importance":[662],"actor\u2014not":[666],"may":[672],"done,":[674],"thoughts,":[681],"language,":[682],"contests":[684],"reveal.":[688],"historians,":[691,2729,2891],"am":[693,962,1137,1231,2949],"skeptical":[694],"\u201ctruth\u201d":[700],"past,":[706,1119],"resist":[709],"therefore":[715],"engaged":[716,1514,2941],"form":[720,3112],"writing.":[723],"way:":[729],"biographer's":[731],"facts,":[732,3174],"writes,":[734],"\u201care":[735],"like":[737,773],"science\u2014once":[741],"discovered,":[744],"always":[745],"same.":[747],"They":[748,1916],"changes":[752,2909],"opinion;":[754],"opinions":[755],"change":[756,760,1782,2185],"times":[759,2187,2295,2352],"thus":[762],"must":[765,793],"go":[766],"ahead":[767],"rest":[770],"miner's":[775],"canary,":[776],"testing":[777],"atmosphere,":[779],"detecting":[780],"falsity,":[781],"unreality,":[782],"presence":[785],"obsolete":[787],"conventions.":[788],"His":[789],"sense":[790,901],"alive":[795],"tiptoe.\u201d7":[798],"In":[799,1815,2030,2105,2171,2354,2616,2981,2997],"spirit,":[801],"want":[803,890,910,1372],"invert":[805],"questions":[807,1299,1377],"biographers":[809],"typically":[810],"ask.":[811],"myself":[814,1122,1210,3041],"writing":[815],"something":[816,1283,1340,1399,1696,1711,2766,2819,2921,3181],"perhaps":[817,999,1282,2562],"better":[818],"called":[819,2309,2899],"anti-biography,":[821],"or,":[822],"jargon":[825],"day,":[828,2748],"not.\u201d":[830],"My":[831,916,1298,1616],"less":[834,2212,2740],"examination":[836,2051],"internal":[839],"contradictions":[842,1629,1650,3025],"(those":[843],"\u201cfacts\u201d)":[846],"produced":[848,1074],"experiences":[850,864],"relatively":[853],"public":[854,978,1180,1657,1663,2045,2519,2863],"person":[855],"exploration":[860],"American":[870,1059,1487,1609,1647,1714,2834,3191],"Rather":[872],"offering":[874],"background,":[877],"introducing":[879],"order":[882],"locate":[884],"time,":[888],"ask":[892],"how":[893,1212,1312,1319,1401,2894,3144],"helps":[897],"make":[900,3096],"piece":[904],"process.":[908],"see":[912,929,1339,3140],"through":[913,1333,3141],"life.":[915,1135,1579,1771,2449,2477,2843],"claim":[917,2127],"grandiose:":[919],"only":[931],"particular":[933],"events":[934],"cultural":[939,1411,2257],"political":[944,1033,1072,1098,1262,1330,1413,2421,2912,3184],"moment":[948],"time":[950],"purposes,":[953],"Lillian":[954,1385,2177],"Hellman":[955,1018,1198,1228,1445,1597,2091,2123,2178,2357,2432,2761,3045],"astonishingly":[958],"good":[959,2524],"subject.":[960,1435],"often":[963,2588],"asked":[964],"why":[965,1501],"didn't":[967],"choose":[968,2642],"write":[970,1727,3070,3170],"Frances":[972],"Perkins":[973],"some":[975,1601,1638,1816,1840,2053,2222,2403,2694,2707,2824],"other":[976,1929,2071,2804],"visible":[977],"figure":[979],"who":[980,1454,1598,2078,2110,3067],"made":[981],"difference":[983,3093],"working-class":[986],"arenas":[987,1049],"spent":[989,1839],"studying.":[994],"Had":[995],"done":[997],"that,":[998],"exploring":[1004,1211],"slice":[1007],"think,":[1015],"precisely":[1016,1426],"because":[1017,1427],"remained":[1019,1217,1938],"such":[1021,1432,1499,1673,2702],"constant":[1022,2880],"lively":[1024],"dialogue":[1025,1406],"several":[1027,1532],"key":[1030],"currents":[1034,1073,1699],"day":[1037],"find":[1040,1121,1209,2318],"intriguing.":[1043],"She":[1044,1460,1526,1856,1886,1949,2016,2153,2366,2383,2478,2558,3058],"offers":[1045],"access":[1046],"four":[1048],"central":[1052],"understanding":[1054],"direction":[1056],"twentieth-century":[1058,1608,1646,1759],"society:":[1060],"revolutionary":[1062],"transformation":[1063,1763],"sexual":[1065,1804,2117,2129,2138,2193,2266,2310],"gender":[1068,2979],"roles;":[1069],"swirling":[1071],"challenge":[1077],"socialism":[1079],"communism":[1081],"Cold":[1087,1350],"War;":[1088],"fluctuating":[1090],"contested":[1092],"nature":[1093],"identity":[1095],"uses;":[1099],"impact":[1102],"newly":[1105,2009],"vibrant":[1106],"culture":[1107,2060,3036],"celebrity.":[1109],"research":[1112],"recuperate":[1117],"Hellman's":[1118,1222,1386,1818,2329,2532,2829,2961,2998],"drawn":[1123,1232],"conflicts":[1126,1164,3187],"resonances":[1129],"around":[1130,1304,1318],"wove":[1133],"struck":[1138],"dissonance":[1141],"within":[1142,1196],"daily":[1144],"(loud,":[1146],"self-promoting)":[1147],"contrasts":[1150],"articulated":[1153],"herself":[1156,2025,2469],"(southern,":[1157],"family-centered,":[1158],"loyal).":[1159],"wonder":[1161],"generated":[1165],"frequently":[1168],"reaffirmed":[1169],"worldview":[1170],"claimed":[1172],"justice":[1174],"primary":[1177,2149],"goal,":[1178],"claims":[1184],"self-serving":[1186],"tendentious.":[1188],"seek":[1191],"identify":[1193,2699],"traditions":[1195],"operated\u2014to":[1199],"revisit":[1200],"pieces":[1201],"tradition":[1204,1216],"already":[1207,1567],"evident\u2014I":[1208],"invisible,":[1218],"just":[1220,2236],"friends":[1223,2527],"foes,":[1225],"herself.":[1229],"sensibility,":[1238],"emotion,":[1239],"feeling":[1241],"played":[1242],"life,":[1245,1595,2584],"internality":[1253],"constructing":[1256],"behavior":[1258,1612,1805,2857],"fostering":[1261],"commitments.":[1263],"Through":[1264],"Hellman,":[1265,1334,1424,2346],"understand":[1269,1695,1710],"little":[1271],"more":[1272,1752,1932,2994,3129],"fully":[1273],"politics":[1275],"1950s":[1278],"after,":[1280],"their":[1285,2530,3090],"shaping":[1289],"worldviews":[1291],"ordinary":[1293],"citizens":[1294],"intellectuals":[1296],"alike.":[1297],"rotate":[1300],"whether,":[1305],"how,":[1307],"angry":[1308],"was,":[1310,2661],"alternately":[1313],"courageous":[1314],"fearful,":[1316],"interpreted":[1321],"anger,":[1323,1468],"named":[1324],"purposes.":[1331],"Looking":[1332],"believe":[1336,2916,2954],"ideological":[1343],"forces":[1344],"shaped":[1346,1404,3189],"stance":[1348],"War":[1351,2103],"America,":[1352],"circumscribed":[1358],"domestic":[1360],"foreign":[1362],"agenda":[1363],"during":[1364,2099],"lifetime":[1366],"after.":[1368],"Though":[1369],"don't":[1371],"bypass":[1374],"difficult":[1376],"posed":[1378],"structure":[1381],"character":[1383,1549,2873],"controversial":[1387],"persona,":[1388,2267],"try":[1390],"focus":[1392],"capacity":[1395],"milieu":[1414],"active":[1420],"part.":[1421],"chose":[1423],"seemed":[1429,2196],"me":[1431,1559,1720],"replete":[1434],"Gone":[1436],"nearly":[1439],"quarter":[1441],"century,":[1444],"still":[1446,2429,2596],"exerts":[1447],"powerful":[1449],"sway:":[1450],"few":[1451],"remember":[1455],"do":[1457,2113,2675,2783,2790],"neutrally.":[1459],"remains":[1461,1613],"remarkably":[1466],"resonant":[1467],"amounting":[1469],"sometimes":[1470],"venomous":[1472],"hatred.":[1473],"How":[1474,2793],"small":[1479],"woman":[1480,1737],"loom":[1482],"large":[1484],"imagination?":[1488],"Why":[1489,2844],"successive":[1491,2244],"generations":[1492],"Americans":[1494],"responded":[1495],"passion;":[1500],"perceived":[1504,2545],"fundamentally,":[1507],"deeply":[1509],"ugly?":[1510],"Playwright,":[1511],"memoirist,":[1512],"politically":[1513,1961],"activist,":[1515],"friend,":[1516],"lover,":[1518],"evoked":[1520],"controversy":[1521,2959],"incarnations.":[1525],"has":[1527,1807],"conventional":[1533],"analysis,":[1539],"together":[1541],"exposed":[1543],"flaws":[1546],"multiple":[1552],"attractions.8":[1553],"welcome":[1555],"releasing":[1558],"obligation":[1562],"reconstruct":[1564],"know":[1568,2731],"birth,":[1571],"family,":[1573],"outlines":[1576],"For,":[1580],"discovered":[1583],"mounting":[1585],"excitement":[1586],"started":[1589],"rummage":[1591],"touched":[1599],"important":[1605,1753],"elements":[1606],"mystery.":[1615],"task,":[1617],"examine":[1624],"explicit":[1626],"implicit":[1628],"permeated":[1633],"underscored":[1637],"pervasive":[1642],"fault":[1643],"lines":[1644],"culture.":[1648],"These":[1649,1717],"scrutiny,":[1658],"subject,":[1660],"alternately,":[1661],"loathing":[1664],"admiration.":[1667],"Not":[1668],"people":[1670],"attracted":[1672],"conflicting":[1674],"firestorms":[1675],"emotion:":[1677],"love":[1679],"revulsion;":[1681],"admiration":[1683,2286,2343],"contempt;":[1685],"anger":[1687],"fear.":[1691],"emotion":[1701],"regularly":[1704,2430],"produced,":[1705],"twentieth":[1715,2780],"century.":[1716,2781],"haunted":[1719],"researched":[1723],"comment.":[1729],"Perhaps":[1730],"extended":[1732],"example\u2014her":[1733],"position":[1734],"feminist\u2014will":[1741],"illustrate":[1742],"mean":[1745],"this.":[1747],"Arguably,":[1748],"nothing":[1751],"America":[1760],"family":[1770,2418],"Partially":[1772],"fueled":[1773,2509],"changing":[1775],"patterns":[1776],"consumption":[1778],"production,":[1780],"marked":[1784],"continuing":[1787,2830,2882],"struggle":[1788,2943],"economically":[1793],"independent":[1794],"lives,":[1795],"profound":[1798],"alteration":[1799],"gendered":[1801],"relationships":[1802],"cause":[1811],"product.":[1814],"ways,":[1817,2032],"exemplifies":[1820],"transformation.":[1822],"Born":[1823],"New":[1825,1834,1924],"Orleans":[1826],"1905,":[1828],"grew":[1830,2261],"up":[1831],"mostly":[1832],"York":[1835],"City,":[1836],"although":[1837],"months":[1841],"year":[1844],"South":[1847],"retained":[1849],"strong":[1850],"ties":[1851],"relatives":[1854],"there.":[1855],"college":[1858],"briefly,":[1859],"1924":[1862],"went":[1863],"couple":[1868],"avant-garde":[1873],"publishing":[1874],"house,":[1875,2285],"where":[1876],"enjoyed":[1878],"living":[1879,2566],"quintessential":[1884],"flapper.":[1885],"married":[1887],"age":[1889,2081],"twenty,":[1890],"left":[1891],"husband":[1893],"twenty-five,":[1897],"embarked":[1899],"become":[1905,2211],"long-lasting":[1909],"relationship":[1910,2145],"mystery":[1912],"writer":[1913],"Dashiell":[1914],"Hammett.":[1915],"lived":[1917,2324],"bi-coastal":[1919],"Hollywood":[1922],"York,":[1925],"each":[1926,1941],"occasionally":[1927,2275],"taking":[1928],"partners":[1930],"(Lillian":[1931],"seriously":[1933],"Dash).":[1935],"Always":[1936],"committed":[1939],"other.":[1942],"Lillian's":[1943],"career":[1944],"playwright":[1947],"flourished.":[1948],"achieved":[1950,2367],"fortune":[1951],"earned":[1953],"celebrity":[1954],"status":[1955],"result":[1958],"emotionally":[1963],"charged":[1964],"movie":[1965],"screenplays":[1966],"theater.":[1972],"Devastated":[1973],"McCarthyist":[1976],"furor":[1977],"1950s,":[1980],"rapidly":[1982],"rebuilt":[1983],"reputation,":[1985],"reemerging":[1986],"1970s":[1989],"series":[1992],"three":[1994],"memoirs":[1995,2316],"led":[1997,2389,2689,2706,2752],"younger":[1999,2301],"generation":[2000,2075,2302],"second-wave":[2002],"feminists":[2003],"idolize":[2005],"her,":[2006],"resurgent":[2010],"conservative":[2011],"movement":[2012],"hate":[2014],"her.":[2015],"died":[2017],"1984,":[2019],"blind,":[2020],"almost":[2021],"bedridden,":[2022],"defending":[2024],"against":[2026,2760,2803],"accusations":[2027],"lying.":[2029],"story":[2034],"tracks":[2035],"emergence":[2037],"private":[2042,2517],"sphere.":[2046],"And":[2047,2249],"yet":[2048],"reveals":[2052],"ways":[2056,2175,2904,2972],"modernity":[2062],"provided":[2063],"mixed":[2064],"messages":[2065],"female":[2068,2968],"population.":[2069],"members":[2072,2223],"came":[2079],"too":[2082],"late":[2083,2581],"join":[2085],"wave":[2088],"feminists,":[2090],"seized":[2092],"opportunities":[2094],"after":[2101,2440,2662],"World":[2102],"I.":[2104],"wished":[2111],"freedom":[2118,2194],"autonomy":[2120],"granted.":[2122],"did":[2126,2358,2685,2845],"prerogatives":[2130],"commonly":[2131,2544,2977],"associated":[2132],"men:":[2134],"initiating":[2135],"ending":[2137],"liaisons":[2139],"pleasure;":[2142],"retaining":[2143],"Hammett":[2147,2439,2488],"exclusive.":[2152],"also":[2154,2652],"smoked,":[2155],"swore,":[2156],"cursed":[2158],"abandon,":[2160],"spoke":[2161,2401],"loudly":[2162],"aggressively,":[2164],"demanded":[2166,2360],"loyalty":[2167],"above":[2168,2670],"else.":[2170],"none":[2172],"unusual,":[2179],"stubborn":[2182],"refusal":[2183],"changed":[2188,2287],"set":[2189],"apart.":[2191],"admirable":[2198],"1920s":[2203],"Depression":[2207],"1930s":[2210,2411],"comfortable.":[2213],"By":[2214,2450,2578],"1940s,":[2216,2413],"downright":[2219],"unpatriotic.":[2220],"rebellious":[2226],"catching":[2228],"shift":[2230],"times,":[2233],"growing":[2235],"bit":[2238],"older,":[2239],"settled":[2240],"marriages\u2014even":[2242],"marriages\u2014Hellman":[2245],"refused":[2246,3060],"change.":[2248],"remaining":[2251,2332],"true":[2252,2333],"herself,":[2254],"challenged":[2256],"norms.":[2258],"older":[2262],"maintained":[2264],"commanded":[2268],"young":[2272],"men,":[2273],"swam":[2276],"naked":[2277],"Martha's":[2280],"Vineyard":[2281],"beach":[2282],"near":[2283],"ridicule,":[2289],"revulsion.":[2291],"Once":[2292],"again,":[2293],"shifted":[2296],"1960s:":[2299],"seeking":[2305],"liberation":[2311],"emerging":[2315],"example":[2320],"tune.":[2328],"insistence":[2330],"code":[2337],"morality":[2339],"once":[2340,2716,3059],"again":[2341],"drew":[2342],"respect.":[2345],"however,":[2347],"had":[2348],"changed.":[2350],"had.":[2353],"lifetime,":[2356],"everything":[2359],"man":[2363],"more.":[2365],"success":[2368,2774],"male":[2370,2374,2502],"terms,":[2371],"arena,":[2375],"force":[2377],"hard":[2379],"talent.":[2382],"film":[2385],"scripts":[2386],"classic":[2391],"movies,":[2392],"plays":[2394],"became":[2396],"Broadway":[2397],"hits.":[2398],"Her":[2399],"pressing":[2407],"themes":[2408],"including":[2414],"class":[2415],"money,":[2417],"unity,":[2419],"commitment.":[2422],"Some":[2423],"lasting":[2425],"resonance":[2426],"performed.":[2431],"achievements,":[2435,2460],"died,":[2442],"financially":[2445,2489],"secure":[2446],"stable":[2448],"paying":[2451],"close":[2452],"business":[2456,2550],"aspects":[2457],"managed":[2462,2483],"comfortable":[2466],"lifestyle":[2467],"pretty":[2471],"adult":[2476],"bought":[2479],"sold":[2481],"property,":[2482],"investments,":[2485],"sustained":[2487],"no":[2493],"longer":[2494],"support":[2495],"himself.":[2496],"accomplishments":[2498],"seen":[2506],"commendable":[2508],"negative":[2510,2605],"views":[2511],"woman.":[2514],"Despite":[2515],"record":[2520,2757],"generosity":[2522],"causes":[2525],"down":[2528],"luck,":[2531],"image":[2533],"hardly":[2535],"warmth":[2538],"generosity.":[2540],"overly":[2547],"concerned":[2548],"details,":[2551],"watching":[2552],"pennies,":[2554],"pleading":[2556],"poverty.":[2557],"also,":[2560],"ironically,":[2563],"critiqued":[2564],"luxuriously,":[2567],"wearing":[2568],"designer":[2569],"dresses,":[2570],"sporting":[2571],"fashionable":[2572],"hats,":[2573],"modeling":[2575],"mink":[2576],"coats.":[2577],"1970s,":[2580],"adjectives":[2586,2650,2785],"describe":[2591],"(many":[2593],"resonate)":[2597],"included":[2598],"range":[2600],"far":[2603],"greater":[2604],"inflection":[2606],"applied":[2608,2613],"men.":[2615],"popular":[2618],"imagination,":[2619],"greedy,":[2622],"selfish,":[2623],"impatient,":[2624],"determined,":[2625],"demanding,":[2626],"loud,":[2627],"abrasive.":[2629],"Undoubtedly":[2630],"these,":[2635],"biographer,":[2641],"defend":[2644],"citing":[2647],"positive":[2649],"defined":[2653],"personality.":[2655],"According":[2656],"friends,":[2659],"all,":[2663],"charming,":[2664],"warm,":[2665],"caring,":[2666],"loyal,":[2667],"generous,":[2668],"funny.":[2672],"Why,":[2673],"negatives":[2677],"insistently":[2679],"outweigh":[2680],"positives?":[2682],"What":[2683,2705,3092,3133],"chord":[2684],"touch":[2687],"(even":[2692],"among":[2693],"friends)":[2697],"deprecating":[2703],"ways?":[2704],"walk":[2709],"away":[2710],"gravesite":[2713],"believing":[2714],"dead,":[2719],"should":[2723],"distance":[2724],"themselves":[2725],"her?":[2727],"emotional":[2734],"(much":[2739],"biography)":[2743],"derives":[2744],"present":[2747]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2017-10-20T00:00:00"}