{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2761820005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/694568","title":"Annual War Deaths in Small-Scale versus State Societies Scale with Population Size Rather than Violence","display_name":"Annual War Deaths in Small-Scale versus State Societies Scale with Population Size Rather than Violence","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2761820005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/694568","mag":"2761820005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/694568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/694568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/694568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165709033","display_name":"Current Anthropology","issn_l":"0011-3204","issn":["0011-3204","1537-5382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Anthropology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078377929","display_name":"Dean Falk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1654-0469","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1654-0469"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801014352","display_name":"School for Advanced Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053apnz82","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801014352"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dean Falk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA ([email\u00a0protected]), and School for Advanced Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505, USA/Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA ([email\u00a0protected]), and School for Advanced Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505, USA/Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165","https://openalex.org/I204465549","https://openalex.org/I2801014352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036675935","display_name":"Charles F. Hildebolt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-6795","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-6795"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801014352","display_name":"School for Advanced Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053apnz82","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801014352"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Hildebolt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA ([email\u00a0protected]), and School for Advanced Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505, USA/Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA ([email\u00a0protected]), and School for Advanced Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505, USA/Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165","https://openalex.org/I204465549","https://openalex.org/I2801014352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036675935","https://openalex.org/A5078377929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165","https://openalex.org/I204465549","https://openalex.org/I2801014352"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.5997,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98901062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"6","first_page":"805","last_page":"813"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14314","display_name":"Violence, Religion, and Philosophy","score":0.5278000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14314","display_name":"Violence, Religion, and Philosophy","score":0.5278000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.1860000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.12330000102519989,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-deaths","display_name":"death in war","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence","display_name":"violence","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-size","display_name":"population size","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"scaling","score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chimpanzees","display_name":"chimpanzees","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hunter-gatherers","display_name":"hunter-gatherers","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horticultural-societies","display_name":"horticultural societies","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-society","display_name":"state society","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superlinear-scaling","display_name":"superlinear scaling","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-i","display_name":"World War I","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-ii","display_name":"World War II","score":0.972000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.713947057723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.7099838256835938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778627824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178561","display_name":"Battle","level":2,"score":0.7058964967727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169733012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613416","display_name":"Population size","level":3,"score":0.627422571182251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95803793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191836","display_name":"CITES","level":2,"score":0.4836388826370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.47980812191963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.420918732881546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3424968123435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.21203073859214783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.19747936725616455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.18731871247291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.09751340746879578}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/694568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/694568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/694568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165709033","display_name":"Current Anthropology","issn_l":"0011-3204","issn":["0011-3204","1537-5382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Anthropology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308310","display_name":"School for Advanced Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053apnz82"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1169201699","https://openalex.org/W1525492868","https://openalex.org/W1529800964","https://openalex.org/W1595293718","https://openalex.org/W1600263479","https://openalex.org/W1981932104","https://openalex.org/W1990592429","https://openalex.org/W2001431842","https://openalex.org/W2017333123","https://openalex.org/W2036287649","https://openalex.org/W2069715270","https://openalex.org/W2107259981","https://openalex.org/W2118761285","https://openalex.org/W2143769735","https://openalex.org/W2157994230","https://openalex.org/W2161291053","https://openalex.org/W2169632325","https://openalex.org/W2275648426","https://openalex.org/W2330813625","https://openalex.org/W2522846552","https://openalex.org/W2525387128","https://openalex.org/W2565552643","https://openalex.org/W2896050558","https://openalex.org/W3014908408"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2775479584","https://openalex.org/W4408630862","https://openalex.org/W4230222415","https://openalex.org/W4408629208","https://openalex.org/W1999051533","https://openalex.org/W2124226768","https://openalex.org/W1585309248","https://openalex.org/W2754610609","https://openalex.org/W568562070","https://openalex.org/W2157994230"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"The":[1],"Better":[2],"Angels":[3],"of":[4,17,57,85,90,130,156],"Our":[5],"Nature:":[6],"Why":[7],"Violence":[8],"Has":[9],"Declined,":[10],"psychologist":[11],"Steven":[12],"Pinker":[13],"cites":[14],"mean":[15,157],"ratios":[16,63],"war":[18,91,159],"(battle)":[19],"deaths":[20,92,126,160],"suffered":[21],"annually":[22],"per":[23],"100,000":[24],"individuals":[25],"as":[26,128],"evidence":[27],"for":[28,100],"concluding":[29],"that":[30,112,179,189],"people":[31,180],"who":[32,41],"live":[33,42],"in":[34,45,51,79,114,138,149],"states":[35],"are":[36,64,193],"less":[37,197],"violent":[38,185,198],"than":[39,146,186,199],"those":[40,200],"or":[43],"lived":[44],"\u201chunting,":[46],"gathering,":[47],"and":[48,107,109,118,140,164,188],"horticultural":[49],"societies":[50],"which":[52],"our":[53],"species":[54],"spent":[55],"most":[56],"its":[58],"evolutionary":[59],"history.\u201d":[60],"Because":[61],"such":[62],"blind":[65],"to":[66,72,96,182],"actual":[67,97],"population":[68,98,131,136,168],"sizes,":[69],"it":[70],"remains":[71],"be":[73,183],"seen":[74],"whether":[75],"the":[76,153],"apparent":[77],"decrease":[78],"contemporary":[80],"violence":[81,148],"is":[82,93],"an":[83],"artifact":[84],"scaling":[86,89],"factors.":[87],"Here":[88],"quantified":[94],"relative":[95],"sizes":[99,132,137,169],"11":[101],"chimpanzee":[102],"communities,":[103],"24":[104],"human":[105,171],"nonstates,":[106],"19":[108],"22":[110],"countries":[111],"fought":[113],"World":[115,119],"War":[116,120],"I":[117],"II,":[121],"respectively.":[122],"Mean":[123],"annual":[124,158],"battle":[125],"expressed":[127],"percentages":[129],"scale":[133],"inversely":[134],"with":[135,167],"chimpanzees":[139,187],"humans,":[141],"indicating":[142],"increased":[143,147],"vulnerability":[144],"rather":[145],"smaller":[150],"populations.":[151],"However,":[152],"absolute":[154],"number":[155],"increases":[161],"exponentially":[162],"(superlinearly)":[163],"nearly":[165],"identically":[166],"across":[170],"groups":[172],"but":[173],"not":[174],"chimpanzees.":[175],"These":[176],"findings":[177],"suggest":[178],"evolved":[181],"more":[184,195],"humans":[190],"from":[191,201],"nonstates":[192],"neither":[194],"nor":[196],"states.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2017-10-20T00:00:00"}
