{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2748769486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2600359","title":"Strategic Deception and Counterdeception: A Cognitive Process Approach","display_name":"Strategic Deception and Counterdeception: A Cognitive Process Approach","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2748769486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2600359","mag":"2748769486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2600359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2600359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2600359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91639875","display_name":"International Studies Quarterly","issn_l":"0020-8833","issn":["0020-8833","1468-2478"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Studies Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083532750","display_name":"Richards J. Heuer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richards J. Heuer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Postgraduate School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Postgraduate School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083532750"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"],"apc_list":{"value":4320,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4320},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.7883,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99018476,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"294","last_page":"294"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.8417999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.8417999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.15469999611377716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-deception","display_name":"strategic deception","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-deception","display_name":"military deception","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-bias","display_name":"cognitive biases","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-set","display_name":"mental set","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-judgment","display_name":"probability judgment","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-attribution","display_name":"causal attribution","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception-detection","display_name":"deception detection","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence-gathering","display_name":"intelligence gathering","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-aids","display_name":"cognitive aids","score":0.5630000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.9361281394958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5809836387634277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5522253513336182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4870055317878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.415485143661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.34386786818504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3378582000732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.29634928703308105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2730358839035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.06943196058273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2600359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2600359","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2600359","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91639875","display_name":"International Studies Quarterly","issn_l":"0020-8833","issn":["0020-8833","1468-2478"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Studies Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:calhoun.nps.edu:10945/44276","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400952","display_name":"Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","host_organization_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121827819","https://openalex.org/W219703150","https://openalex.org/W408344566","https://openalex.org/W608393576","https://openalex.org/W1491257626","https://openalex.org/W1507663289","https://openalex.org/W1511883513","https://openalex.org/W1540957701","https://openalex.org/W1555806226","https://openalex.org/W1580882875","https://openalex.org/W1654571959","https://openalex.org/W1977077044","https://openalex.org/W1988021311","https://openalex.org/W1996443718","https://openalex.org/W1997889709","https://openalex.org/W2000839068","https://openalex.org/W2005852998","https://openalex.org/W2028753674","https://openalex.org/W2032984508","https://openalex.org/W2035782089","https://openalex.org/W2057902667","https://openalex.org/W2059231521","https://openalex.org/W2061817253","https://openalex.org/W2085442327","https://openalex.org/W2086173153","https://openalex.org/W2092911909","https://openalex.org/W2106333595","https://openalex.org/W2109312871","https://openalex.org/W2116632739","https://openalex.org/W2122757839","https://openalex.org/W2125523734","https://openalex.org/W2133752021","https://openalex.org/W2142405927","https://openalex.org/W2229863857","https://openalex.org/W2801976499","https://openalex.org/W2978795677","https://openalex.org/W2990384283","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498404646","https://openalex.org/W19478514","https://openalex.org/W2027588320","https://openalex.org/W3039614742","https://openalex.org/W7072026276","https://openalex.org/W2920930305","https://openalex.org/W4413450058","https://openalex.org/W7018068997","https://openalex.org/W2569889019","https://openalex.org/W192146790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"in":[1,72],"experimental":[2],"psychology":[3,33],"is":[4,124],"applied":[5],"to":[6,47,51,59,88,95,100,111,118],"an":[7,97],"analysis":[8,120],"of":[9,11,68,75,78,82,90,127],"problems":[10],"strategic":[12],"military":[13],"deception":[14,35,60,91,102,112,136],"and":[15,65,80,86,92,108],"counterdeception.":[16,93],"In":[17],"conducting":[18],"deception,":[19],"the":[20,57,73,125],"deceiver":[21],"has":[22],"a":[23,41,128,132],"clear":[24],"advantage;":[25],"empirical":[26],"evidence":[27],"confirms":[28],"assumptions":[29],"drawn":[30],"from":[31],"cognitive":[32],"that":[34],"seldom":[36],"fails":[37],"when":[38],"it":[39],"exploits":[40],"target's":[42,45],"preconceptions.":[43],"The":[44],"tendency":[46],"assimilate":[48],"discrepant":[49],"information":[50],"existing":[52],"mental":[53],"sets":[54],"generally":[55],"negates":[56],"risks":[58],"posed":[61],"by":[62],"security":[63],"leaks":[64],"uncontrolled":[66],"channels":[67],"information.":[69],"Cognitive":[70,116],"biases":[71],"assessment":[74],"probabilities,":[76],"evaluation":[77],"evidence,":[79],"attribution":[81],"causality":[83],"are":[84,103,113,121],"described":[85],"related":[87],"questions":[89],"Approaches":[94],"enhancing":[96],"organization's":[98],"ability":[99],"detect":[101],"examined.":[104],"Improved":[105],"intelligence":[106],"collection":[107],"heightened":[109],"alertness":[110],"often":[114],"insufficient.":[115],"aids":[117],"facilitate":[119],"recommended,":[122],"as":[123,131],"formation":[126],"counterdeception":[129],"staff":[130],"focal":[133],"point":[134],"for":[135],"analysis.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-17T07:59:56.861425","created_date":"2017-08-31T00:00:00"}