{"id":"https://openalex.org/W274843733","doi":null,"title":"Putting Pediatric Off Label Prescribing on the Map: A Study to Understand which Children, Medications and Physicians are Involved in Prescribing Drugs for Unapproved Uses","display_name":"Putting Pediatric Off Label Prescribing on the Map: A Study to Understand which Children, Medications and Physicians are Involved in Prescribing Drugs for Unapproved Uses","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W274843733","mag":"274843733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt39c8k38n","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39c8k38n","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39c8k38n","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39c8k38n","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072511460","display_name":"Alicia Bazzano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5619-4033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5619-4033"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alicia Bazzano","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072511460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12547","display_name":"Pharmaceutical studies and practices","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12547","display_name":"Pharmaceutical studies and practices","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/off-label-drug-use","display_name":"off-label drug use","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-prescribing","display_name":"pediatric prescribing","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fda-drug-approval","display_name":"FDA drug approval","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infants-and-toddlers","display_name":"infants and toddlers","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-specialty","display_name":"physician specialty","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacoepidemiology","display_name":"pharmacoepidemiology","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-drugs","display_name":"cardiovascular drugs","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analgesics","display_name":"analgesics","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-safety","display_name":"drug safety","score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-pharmacotherapy","display_name":"pediatric pharmacotherapy","score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-ambulatory-medical-care-survey","display_name":"National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prescribing-interventions","display_name":"prescribing interventions","score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-labeling-changes","display_name":"drug labeling changes","score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-drug-reactions","display_name":"adverse drug reactions","score":0.5799999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9086490273475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188313352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119697","display_name":"Off-label use","level":2,"score":0.8203586339950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2426938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478","display_name":"Medical prescription","level":2,"score":0.8169569373130798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5436018109321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23276603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158230","display_name":"Pharmacoepidemiology","level":3,"score":0.5360507965087891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.5068960785865784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.4589027762413025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.45230770111083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104863432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614304","display_name":"Pharmacy","level":2,"score":0.4439283609390259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.4223499298095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35785553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756720","display_name":"Ambulatory","level":2,"score":0.4104255437850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.13893255591392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1249832808971405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.10105973482131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt39c8k38n","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39c8k38n","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39c8k38n","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},{"id":"mag:274843733","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt39c8k38n/qt39c8k38n.pdf?t=mntak6","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt39c8k38n","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39c8k38n","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/39c8k38n","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W274843733.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W274843733.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168494166","https://openalex.org/W1926277799","https://openalex.org/W1964957356","https://openalex.org/W2028354167","https://openalex.org/W2033304004","https://openalex.org/W2056046862","https://openalex.org/W2096924918","https://openalex.org/W2106924426","https://openalex.org/W2115156600","https://openalex.org/W2117979215","https://openalex.org/W2120095635","https://openalex.org/W2121487587","https://openalex.org/W2124481378","https://openalex.org/W2141825649","https://openalex.org/W2166890809","https://openalex.org/W2223361536"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966204708","https://openalex.org/W4231012828","https://openalex.org/W2912846612","https://openalex.org/W2918703443","https://openalex.org/W1973802256","https://openalex.org/W7219324027","https://openalex.org/W2980479685","https://openalex.org/W2283076010","https://openalex.org/W2353436207","https://openalex.org/W2135655857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Prescribing":[1],"medications":[2,260,338,379,399,417],"for":[3,101,188,194,220,231,268,275,306,325,384,398],"an":[4,118],"indication":[5,141,269],"or":[6,330,403],"age":[7,139,149,189,221,276,307,326],"outside":[8],"of":[9,12,44,64,92,133,200,235,239,242,246,291,300,352,357,415,463],"the":[10,42,62,99,145,147,355,370,448],"terms":[11],"U.S.":[13,93,201],"Food":[14],"and":[15,35,39,73,104,140,150,153,162,176,183,222,244,248,258,272,279,283,349,377,432,441,444,461],"Drug":[16],"Administration":[17],"(FDA)":[18],"approval":[19],"is":[20,388],"called":[21],"off":[22,27,65,167,185,191,207,217,228,252,266,285,303,323,336,362,382,394,420,427,451,464],"label":[23,28,51,66,168,186,192,208,218,229,267,286,304,324,337,363,383,395,428,452,465],"prescribing.":[24],"In":[25],"children,":[26,372],"prescribing":[29,52,67,169,173,187,193,219,230,287,305,429,437,442,466],"has":[30,40,68],"resulted":[31],"in":[32,170,289,347],"drug":[33],"disasters":[34],"increased":[36],"adverse":[37],"events":[38],"been":[41,70],"subject":[43],"recent":[45],"legislation":[46,345],"promoting":[47],"medication":[48,367],"study.":[49],"Off":[50],"appears":[53],"to":[54,77,144,146,158,174,302,321,369,391,411,425,467],"be":[55,409],"a":[56,86,110,131,297],"very":[57],"common":[58],"pediatric":[59,166,203,353,358],"practice;":[60],"nonetheless,":[61],"pharmacoepidemiology":[63],"not":[69],"systematically":[71],"studied":[72],"could":[74],"inform":[75],"approaches":[76],"interventions.Methods:":[78],"The":[79],"National":[80],"Ambulatory":[81],"Medical":[82,439],"Care":[83],"Surveys":[84],"(NAMCS),":[85],"nationally":[87],"representative":[88],"population":[89],"based":[90],"sample":[91,132],"outpatient":[94,202,359],"medical":[95],"visits":[96,123,205,293,360],"collected":[97],"by":[98,124,374],"Centers":[100],"Disease":[102],"Control":[103],"Prevention":[105],"(CDC)":[106],"were":[107,142,156,251,261,313],"utilized":[108],"over":[109,342,430],"four":[111],"year":[112],"period":[113],"(2001":[114],"2004).":[115],"We":[116],"evaluated":[117],"estimated":[119],"312":[120],"million":[121,181],"prescription":[122,135,204,292],"children":[125],"0-17":[126],"years":[127],"old":[128],"(based":[129],"on":[130],"7901":[134],"visits).":[136],"FDA":[137,406],"approved":[138],"compared":[143,390],"child's":[148],"diagnoses.":[151],"Descriptive":[152],"regression":[154],"analyses":[155],"used":[157],"determine":[159,458],"epidemiological":[160],"characteristics":[161],"predictors":[163],"of:":[164],"(1)":[165],"general,":[171],"(2)":[172],"infants":[175,282],"toddlers":[177],"(0-3":[178],"yrs;":[179],"n=81":[180],"visits)":[182],"(3)":[184],"versus":[190],"indication.":[195,232],"Results:":[196],"Sixty":[197],"two":[198],"percent":[199],"included":[206],"prescribing,":[209,364],"with":[210,296,378,400],"25%":[211],"(95%":[212,224,315],"CI:":[213,225,316],"23%,":[214],"27%)":[215],"including":[216],"53%":[223],"50%,":[226],"56%)":[227],"Approximately":[233],"96%":[234],"cardiovascular":[236],"renal,":[237],"86%":[238],"pain,":[240],"80%":[241],"gastrointestinal,":[243],"67%":[245],"pulmonary":[247,259],"dermatologic":[249],"prescriptions":[250,396],"label.":[253],"Anti":[254],"infectives,":[255],"upper":[256],"respiratory":[257],"much":[262],"more":[263,319,435],"commonly":[264,418,450],"prescribed":[265,335,419,453],"(41%,":[270],"52%,":[271],"61%)":[273],"than":[274,308,327],"(6%,":[277],"16%,":[278],"24%).":[280],"For":[281],"toddlers,":[284],"occurred":[288],"65%":[290],"(52.7":[294],"million),":[295],"higher":[298],"risk":[299],"exposure":[301,387],"older":[309],"children.":[310,468],"Physician":[311],"specialists":[312],"14%":[314],"7%,":[317],"20%)":[318],"likely":[320],"prescribe":[322],"general":[328],"pediatricians":[329],"family":[331],"physicians.":[332],"Most":[333],"top":[334],"have":[339],"remained":[340],"unchanged":[341],"time.Conclusions:":[343],"Despite":[344],"resulting":[346],"studies":[348],"labeling":[350],"changes":[351],"medications,":[354],"majority":[356],"involve":[361],"across":[365],"all":[366,416],"categories,":[368],"youngest":[371],"especially":[373],"physician":[375],"specialists,":[376],"that":[380],"are":[381,397],"indication;":[385],"this":[386],"disproportionate":[389],"adults.":[392],"Many":[393],"unproven":[401],"benefit":[402],"safety":[404],"concerns.":[405],"policies":[407],"should":[408,446,457],"strengthened":[410],"require":[412],"prioritized":[413],"study":[414],"label;":[421],"mandate":[422],"patient":[423],"registries":[424],"assess":[426],"time;":[431],"provide":[433],"physicians":[434],"accessible":[436],"information.":[438],"education":[440],"incentives":[443],"tools":[445],"target":[447],"most":[449],"drugs.":[454],"Future":[455],"research":[456],"outcomes,":[459],"causes,":[460],"appropriateness":[462]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-21T07:43:02.447757","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}