{"id":"https://openalex.org/W27470408","doi":null,"title":"The mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure in human locomotion.","display_name":"The mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure in human locomotion.","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W27470408","mag":"27470408","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2193805"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:2193805","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2193805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European journal of clinical nutrition","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045432082","display_name":"Franco Saibene","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"F Saibene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology, Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045432082"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00305935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"44 Suppl 1","issue":null,"first_page":"65","last_page":"71"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11018","display_name":"Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11018","display_name":"Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10879","display_name":"Robotic Locomotion and Control","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-expenditure","display_name":"energy expenditure","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-locomotion","display_name":"human locomotion","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walking","display_name":"walking","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/running","display_name":"running","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-power","display_name":"mechanical power","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-cost","display_name":"metabolic cost","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinetic-energy","display_name":"kinetic energy","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/potential-energy","display_name":"potential energy","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-recovery","display_name":"energy recovery","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elastic-energy-storage","display_name":"elastic energy storage","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-stiffness","display_name":"muscle stiffness","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-carriage","display_name":"load carriage","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/center-of-gravity","display_name":"center of gravity","score":0.8339999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.6687127351760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70770792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239848","display_name":"Preferred walking speed","level":2,"score":0.6680346131324768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135889238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46276","display_name":"Kinetic energy","level":2,"score":0.6673001050949097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988147884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377024","display_name":"Energy expenditure","level":2,"score":0.606569230556488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12847509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132973","display_name":"Power walking","level":3,"score":0.5829553008079529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107240024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184550","display_name":"Mechanical energy","level":3,"score":0.5754827260971069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5645596981048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135402231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898440","display_name":"Dissipation","level":2,"score":0.5616717338562012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.551219642162323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019966295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341368","display_name":"Energy cost","level":2,"score":0.46187806129455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4569431245326996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147583825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620876","display_name":"Body weight","level":2,"score":0.4358525276184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4045281410217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3561854958534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3523963689804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3217768669128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25147873163223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2230394184589386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1779995858669281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15149831771850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004526","descriptor_name":"Efficiency","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004734","descriptor_name":"Energy Metabolism","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008124","descriptor_name":"Locomotion","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009132","descriptor_name":"Muscles","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:2193805","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2193805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European journal of clinical nutrition","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:27470408","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2193805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W987011638","https://openalex.org/W1560814177","https://openalex.org/W1964219846","https://openalex.org/W1980416884","https://openalex.org/W1982045542","https://openalex.org/W1986583231","https://openalex.org/W1996885942","https://openalex.org/W1999144014","https://openalex.org/W2003418696","https://openalex.org/W2005725366","https://openalex.org/W2017308570","https://openalex.org/W2021670941","https://openalex.org/W2030352500","https://openalex.org/W2039742491","https://openalex.org/W2043100327","https://openalex.org/W2043819700","https://openalex.org/W2047247302","https://openalex.org/W2082475821","https://openalex.org/W2082509691","https://openalex.org/W2082998819","https://openalex.org/W2090057886","https://openalex.org/W2096287682","https://openalex.org/W2102770794","https://openalex.org/W2128781208","https://openalex.org/W2132109032","https://openalex.org/W2133461358","https://openalex.org/W2134967712","https://openalex.org/W2139802796","https://openalex.org/W2141452262","https://openalex.org/W2143658931","https://openalex.org/W2144768837","https://openalex.org/W2144851947","https://openalex.org/W2150638747","https://openalex.org/W2154313451","https://openalex.org/W2164675211","https://openalex.org/W2165171208","https://openalex.org/W2165560566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4255288845","https://openalex.org/W2049904216","https://openalex.org/W2162750771","https://openalex.org/W2014377094","https://openalex.org/W1964386231","https://openalex.org/W2046700432","https://openalex.org/W7213157318","https://openalex.org/W2178958342","https://openalex.org/W2050569387","https://openalex.org/W1874450194"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,47,93,119],"walking":[1,38,48,84,173,183,214],"and":[2,22,24,39,54,112,125,156],"in":[3,15,130,138],"running":[4,40,120],"the":[5,8,63,69,73,105,114,121,148,152,159,163,167,180,196,252,260,265,269],"progression":[6],"of":[7,26,37,52,72,83,123,141,151,166,172,195,225,231,242,251,259,262,264,271],"body":[9,197,233,253],"involves":[10],"at":[11,58,87,95,103,184,215,273],"each":[12,59,96,274],"step":[13],"changes":[14,25,122],"kinetic":[16],"energy,":[17,28],"Ek,":[18],"due":[19,30],"to":[20,31,67,227],"acceleration":[21],"deceleration,":[23],"potential":[27],"Ep,":[29],"vertical":[32],"displacement.":[33],"The":[34,79,169],"energy":[35,74,135,143,170,272],"costs":[36],"are":[41,127],"minimized":[42],"by":[43,146],"two":[44],"different":[45,249],"mechanisms.":[46],"an":[49,100],"alternate":[50],"exchange":[51],"Ek":[53,124],"Ep":[55,126],"takes":[56],"place":[57],"step,":[60],"so":[61],"that":[62,75,86,211,247],"muscles":[64,155],"have":[65],"only":[66],"restore":[68],"small":[70],"part":[71,140],"is":[76,85,91,99,117,144,199],"not":[77,190,200],"recovered.":[78],"most":[80],"economical":[81],"speed":[82,97,186,218],"which":[88,104],"this":[89,142,243],"recovery":[90,270],"maximal.":[92],"addition,":[94],"there":[98],"optimal":[101,217],"frequency":[102],"total":[106],"(external":[107],"plus":[108],"internal)":[109],"mechanical":[110],"power,":[111],"hence":[113],"metabolic":[115],"cost,":[116],"minimal.":[118],"almost":[128],"completely":[129],"phase,":[131],"implying":[132],"a":[133,175,188,248,256],"greater":[134],"dissipation":[136],"than":[137,203],"walking:":[139],"stored":[145],"stretching":[147],"elastic":[149],"elements":[150],"previously":[153],"contracted":[154],"recovered":[157],"during":[158],"following":[160],"cycle,":[161],"increasing":[162],"overall":[164],"efficiency":[165],"progression.":[168],"cost":[171],"with":[174,179,187,255],"load":[176,189],"increases":[177,268],"proportionally":[178],"load.":[181],"However,":[182],"low":[185],"exceeding":[191],"5-10":[192],"per":[193,229],"cent":[194,230],"weight":[198,234],"more":[201],"expensive":[202],"unloaded":[204],"walking.":[205],"Moreover,":[206],"it":[207],"has":[208],"been":[209],"observed":[210],"African":[212],"women":[213],"their":[216,222,232],"can":[219],"carry":[220],"on":[221],"heads":[223],"loads":[224],"up":[226],"20":[228],"without":[235],"any":[236],"extra":[237],"cost.":[238],"A":[239],"possible":[240],"explanation":[241],"finding":[244],"could":[245],"be":[246],"distribution":[250],"mass,":[254],"higher":[257],"position":[258],"centre":[261],"gravity":[263],"body,":[266],"further":[267],"step.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}