{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2746353337","doi":null,"title":"The Defining Approaches and Practical Paradox of Sensitive Data: An Investigation of Data Protection Laws in 92 Countries and Regions and 200 Data Breaches in the World","display_name":"The Defining Approaches and Practical Paradox of Sensitive Data: An Investigation of Data Protection Laws in 92 Countries and Regions and 200 Data Breaches in the World","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2746353337","mag":"2746353337"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ijoc.org:article/6892","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6892","pdf_url":"https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/6892/2111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191319304","display_name":"International journal of communication","issn_l":"1932-8036","issn":["1932-8036"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323293532","host_organization_name":"USC Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323293532"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["USC Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"1932-8036","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/6892/2111","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340864","display_name":"Min Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7418-7777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7418-7777"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Journalism and communication,Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7418-7777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Journalism and communication,Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045193953","display_name":"Zuosu Jiang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuosu Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central China Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.4224,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98133601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"20","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14029","display_name":"Thoreau and American Literature","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitive-information","display_name":"sensitive data","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-law","display_name":"data protection law","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-breaches","display_name":"data breaches","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-information","display_name":"personal data","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-data","display_name":"financial data","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-records","display_name":"criminal records","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-privacy","display_name":"data privacy","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-dignity","display_name":"human dignity","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-law","display_name":"comparative law","score":0.5049999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.8067110776901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778745096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274782","display_name":"Dignity","level":2,"score":0.8039153814315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.5996085405349731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4476378560066223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165609540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172486","display_name":"Data breach","level":2,"score":0.44227325916290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4231230318546295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141972696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1247836","display_name":"Privacy law","level":4,"score":0.41748902201652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.41315755248069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.373982310295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.37346428632736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3485569953918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2636282742023468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.21549195051193237}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ijoc.org:article/6892","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6892","pdf_url":"https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/6892/2111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191319304","display_name":"International journal of communication","issn_l":"1932-8036","issn":["1932-8036"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323293532","host_organization_name":"USC Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323293532"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["USC Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"1932-8036","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:290d7b4b40af4e8faa7d31101664c863","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/290d7b4b40af4e8faa7d31101664c863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Communication, Vol 11 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:42aee0bc18654dc1a360a6aeaa730675","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/42aee0bc18654dc1a360a6aeaa730675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Communication, Vol 11 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:821582df557443738450e8f3c061401e","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/821582df557443738450e8f3c061401e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Communication, Vol 11 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:2746353337","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191319304","display_name":"International journal of communication","issn_l":"1932-8036","issn":["1932-8036"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323293532","host_organization_name":"USC Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323293532"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["USC Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"International journal of communication","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ijoc.org:article/6892","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6892","pdf_url":"https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/6892/2111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191319304","display_name":"International journal of communication","issn_l":"1932-8036","issn":["1932-8036"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323293532","host_organization_name":"USC Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323293532"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["USC Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"1932-8036","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.699999988079071}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2746353337.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2746353337.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525129853","https://openalex.org/W3172832994","https://openalex.org/W2117954817","https://openalex.org/W3124742444","https://openalex.org/W337415881","https://openalex.org/W1934528177","https://openalex.org/W1529931620","https://openalex.org/W2284956229","https://openalex.org/W2575955539","https://openalex.org/W2182865622","https://openalex.org/W2955402780","https://openalex.org/W2486246423","https://openalex.org/W2899430561","https://openalex.org/W312977392","https://openalex.org/W2610694719","https://openalex.org/W2465730215","https://openalex.org/W2162270854","https://openalex.org/W2973519330","https://openalex.org/W2754770579","https://openalex.org/W2032280295"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Results":[0],"of":[1,19,42,44,64,78,104,114,122],"juristic":[2],"investigations":[3],"into":[4],"92":[5],"countries":[6,32],"and":[7,22,33,55,106,112,129,133],"regions":[8,34],"demonstrate":[9],"that":[10,71],"sensitive":[11,37,88,138],"data":[12,23,27,68,123,139],"are":[13],"viewed":[14],"as":[15,87,109,125],"a":[16,119,127,130],"core":[17],"area":[18],"both":[20,126],"privacy":[21,124],"protection.":[24],"The":[25],"latest":[26],"protection":[28],"laws":[29,105],"in":[30,89,140],"most":[31,90],"have":[35,72,92],"defined":[36,86],"data.":[38],"A":[39,61],"comparative":[40],"study":[41],"all":[43],"these":[45],"definitions":[46],"or":[47],"classifications":[48],"revealed":[49],"two":[50],"defining":[51,137],"approaches:":[52],"\u201cEU":[53,56],"standard\u201d":[54],"standard":[57],"plus":[58],"criminal":[59],"records.\u201d":[60],"practical":[62],"examination":[63],"the":[65],"200":[66],"biggest":[67],"breaches":[69],"worldwide":[70],"occurred":[73],"since":[74],"2004":[75],"showed":[76],"categories":[77],"personal":[79],"data,":[80,83],"particularly":[81],"financial":[82],"although":[84],"not":[85],"countries,":[91],"been":[93],"violated":[94],"most.":[95],"This":[96],"paradox":[97],"can":[98],"be":[99],"interpreted":[100],"by":[101],"universal":[102],"principles":[103],"ethics,":[107],"such":[108],"human":[110],"dignity":[111],"sacredness":[113],"life.":[115],"Finally,":[116],"we":[117],"suggest":[118],"comprehensive":[120],"understanding":[121],"personality":[128],"quasiproperty":[131],"right":[132],"provide":[134],"recommendations":[135],"for":[136],"legislation.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}