{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2744528648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","title":"Non-tariff and overall protection: evidence across countries and over time","display_name":"Non-tariff and overall protection: evidence across countries and over time","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2744528648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","mag":"2744528648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78091837","display_name":"Review of World Economics","issn_l":"0043-2636","issn":["0043-2636","1610-2878","1610-2886"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of World Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084547303","display_name":"Zhaohui Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3632-0367","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3632-0367"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohui Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China","Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353300","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7888-7401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7888-7401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, University of Nottingham, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo, 315100, China","School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, University of Nottingham, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo, 315100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083046359","display_name":"Saileshsingh Gunessee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-4338","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-4338"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saileshsingh Gunessee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nottingham University Business School China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo, 315100, China","Nottingham University Business School China, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nottingham University Business School China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo, 315100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nottingham University Business School China, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069692662","display_name":"Chris R. Milner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3061-8173","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3061-8173"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris Milner","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK","School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3061-8173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069692662"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":25.0172,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":139,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99529284,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"154","issue":"4","first_page":"675","last_page":"703"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12428","display_name":"Global Trade and Competitiveness","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-tariff-measures","display_name":"non-tariff measures","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protectionism","display_name":"protectionism","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ad-valorem-equivalents","display_name":"ad valorem equivalents","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tariffs","display_name":"tariffs","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-liberalization","display_name":"trade liberalization","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateral-trade-agreements","display_name":"multilateral trade agreements","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-trade-agreements","display_name":"regional trade agreements","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilateral-trade-agreements","display_name":"bilateral trade agreements","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2008-financial-crisis","display_name":"2008 financial crisis","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.3720000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.7556405067443848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.5907799005508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5806193351745605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58823610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746418","display_name":"Liberalization","level":2,"score":0.538591742515564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776444413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4119931","display_name":"Rules of origin","level":3,"score":0.507469117641449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.4827679693698883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46942904591560364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78091837","display_name":"Review of World Economics","issn_l":"0043-2636","issn":["0043-2636","1610-2878","1610-2886"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of World Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nottingham-repository.worktribe.com:931871","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/931871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:not:notgep:17/08","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/papers/2018/2018-05.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/papers/2018/2018-05.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/:931871","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/931871","pdf_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/file/931871/1/s10290-018-0317-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:3121885811","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/not/notgep/18-05.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:weltar:v:154:y:2018:i:4:d:10.1007_s10290-018-0317-5","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:51088","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51088/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10290-018-0317-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78091837","display_name":"Review of World Economics","issn_l":"0043-2636","issn":["0043-2636","1610-2878","1610-2886"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of World Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2744528648.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2744528648.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W594468121","https://openalex.org/W1516967071","https://openalex.org/W1525751816","https://openalex.org/W1553961683","https://openalex.org/W1561499272","https://openalex.org/W1572199238","https://openalex.org/W1970809343","https://openalex.org/W1998814486","https://openalex.org/W2000418249","https://openalex.org/W2006650755","https://openalex.org/W2026316523","https://openalex.org/W2041170139","https://openalex.org/W2053436105","https://openalex.org/W2057233264","https://openalex.org/W2059295588","https://openalex.org/W2095128743","https://openalex.org/W2107292197","https://openalex.org/W2115975507","https://openalex.org/W2116311128","https://openalex.org/W2128517762","https://openalex.org/W2138649378","https://openalex.org/W2152912439","https://openalex.org/W2171874924","https://openalex.org/W2185788408","https://openalex.org/W2340073912","https://openalex.org/W2438722168","https://openalex.org/W2613414672","https://openalex.org/W3121155148","https://openalex.org/W3125808292","https://openalex.org/W4230178831","https://openalex.org/W7042859386"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2527245448","https://openalex.org/W7077888265","https://openalex.org/W7110519861","https://openalex.org/W2543059919","https://openalex.org/W4238993063","https://openalex.org/W4415550678","https://openalex.org/W3198522889","https://openalex.org/W811399702","https://openalex.org/W2322919052","https://openalex.org/W3125537925"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,51],"analyzes":[2],"the":[3,6,34,53,63,67,73,76,103,118,131,156,173],"evolution":[4,35,104],"of":[5,10,36,57,78,94,105,170,177],"incidence":[7,74],"and":[8,30,75,112,125,139,175],"intensity":[9,77],"non-tariff":[11],"measures":[12],"(NTMs).":[13],"It":[14],"extends":[15],"earlier":[16],"work":[17],"by":[18],"measuring":[19],"protection":[20,107,120,154],"from":[21,25,110],"NTMs":[22,58,79,87],"over":[23,66,83],"time":[24],"a":[26],"newly":[27],"available":[28],"database":[29],"provides":[31],"evidence":[32],"on":[33,41,166],"NTMs.":[37,113,178],"In":[38],"particular,":[39],"building":[40],"Kee":[42],"et":[43],"al.":[44],"(Econ":[45],"J":[46],"119(534):172\u2013199,":[47],"2009":[48],"),":[49],"this":[50,84,162],"estimates":[52],"ad":[54],"valorem":[55],"equivalents":[56],"for":[59,122],"97":[60],"countries":[61,124],"at":[62],"product":[64],"level":[65],"period":[68],"1997\u20132015.":[69],"We":[70,97,146],"show":[71,116],"that":[72,117],"were":[80],"both":[81],"increasing":[82],"period,":[85],"with":[86,136],"becoming":[88],"an":[89,149,167],"even":[90],"more":[91],"dominant":[92],"source":[93],"trade":[95,141,153,171],"protection.":[96],"are":[98],"also":[99,147],"able":[100],"to":[101],"investigate":[102],"overall":[106,119,152],"derived":[108],"jointly":[109],"tariffs":[111,134],"The":[114],"results":[115],"level,":[121],"most":[123],"products,":[126],"has":[127],"not":[128],"decreased":[129],"despite":[130],"fall":[132],"in":[133,143,151],"associated":[135],"multilateral,":[137],"regional":[138],"bilateral":[140],"agreements":[142],"recent":[144,157],"decades.":[145],"document":[148],"increase":[150,176],"during":[155],"2008":[158],"financial":[159],"crisis.":[160],"Overall,":[161],"study":[163],"sheds":[164],"light":[165],"under-researched":[168],"aspect":[169],"liberalization:":[172],"proliferation":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2017-08-17T00:00:00"}