{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2743378076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2017.178","title":"Equalization Enhancement Approaches for PAM4 Signaling for Next Generation Speeds","display_name":"Equalization Enhancement Approaches for PAM4 Signaling for Next Generation Speeds","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2743378076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2017.178","mag":"2743378076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ectc.2017.178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2017.178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2017.178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608088","display_name":"IEEE Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC)","issn_l":"2766-8401","issn":["2766-8401"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE 67th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101409558","display_name":"Jiayi He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8202-0520","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8202-0520","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3042-9313"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069136785","display_name":"Nana Dikhaminjia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-4013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-4013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Dikhaminjia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032719967","display_name":"Mikheil Tsiklauri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3866-4024","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3866-4024"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Tsiklauri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069783701","display_name":"James L. Drewniak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-229X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-229X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Drewniak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054210039","display_name":"Arun Reddy Chada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7031-6586","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7031-6586"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149435","display_name":"DELL (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05rejmm18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149435"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Chada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dell, Enterprise Product Group, Round Rock, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dell, Enterprise Product Group, Round Rock, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149435"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110585215","display_name":"Bhyrav Mutnury","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149435","display_name":"DELL (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05rejmm18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149435"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Mutnury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dell, Enterprise Product Group, Round Rock, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dell, Enterprise Product Group, Round Rock, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149435"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7116,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89770834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1874","last_page":"1879"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pam-4","display_name":"PAM-4","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/de-emphasis","display_name":"de-emphasis","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-equalization","display_name":"transmitter equalization","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-opening","display_name":"eye opening","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-speed-optical-transmission","display_name":"high-speed optical transmission","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nrz-modulation","display_name":"NRZ modulation","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-equalization","display_name":"signal equalization","score":0.38199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75755367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104531076","display_name":"Equalization (audio)","level":3,"score":0.7805680632591248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5600923895835876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41513246297836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2183375060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17801395058631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ectc.2017.178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2017.178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2017.178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608088","display_name":"IEEE Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC)","issn_l":"2766-8401","issn":["2766-8401"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE 67th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972329878","https://openalex.org/W2137990851","https://openalex.org/W2183592244","https://openalex.org/W2185470114","https://openalex.org/W2523459326","https://openalex.org/W4251999913","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6686119948"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241644247","https://openalex.org/W4401753142","https://openalex.org/W3189376442","https://openalex.org/W4404989461","https://openalex.org/W7070358098","https://openalex.org/W2796113437","https://openalex.org/W2725295970","https://openalex.org/W4401164697","https://openalex.org/W3120649080","https://openalex.org/W2883244673"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Four-level":[0],"pulse-amplitude":[1],"modulation":[2,16],"signal":[3,28,91],"(PAM4)":[4],"is":[5,30,50,74,87],"gaining":[6],"more":[7],"attention":[8],"as":[9,26],"an":[10,41],"alternate":[11],"coding":[12],"scheme":[13],"to":[14,20,39,75,88,103,111],"binary":[15],"NRZ":[17],"(Non":[18],"Return":[19],"Zero)":[21],"in":[22,57,67,79,107],"high":[23],"speed":[24],"systems":[25],"the":[27,68,80,84,90,105,112],"rate":[29],"reduced":[31],"by":[32,92,96],"half.":[33],"Transmitter":[34],"and":[35,83],"receiver":[36],"equalizations":[37],"continue":[38],"play":[40],"important":[42],"role":[43],"with":[44],"PAM4":[45,63],"encoding.":[46],"Even":[47],"though":[48],"de-emphasis":[49,64,81],"a":[51],"well":[52],"standardized":[53],"approach":[54,73],"for":[55,62],"equalization":[56],"NRZ,":[58],"two":[59,119],"enhancement":[60,72,120],"approaches":[61,121],"are":[65,101,122],"proposed":[66],"paper.":[69],"The":[70,115],"first":[71],"compensate":[76],"voltage":[77],"levels":[78],"process":[82],"second":[85],"one":[86],"equalize":[89],"bit":[93],"rather":[94],"than":[95],"symbol.":[97],"Several":[98],"test":[99],"cases":[100],"presented":[102],"show":[104],"improvement":[106],"eye":[108],"opening":[109],"compared":[110],"old":[113],"approach.":[114],"limitations":[116],"of":[117],"these":[118],"also":[123],"discussed.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2017-08-17T00:00:00"}