{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2737782823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717720721","title":"High Prevalence of Dysgraphia in Elementary Through High School Students With ADHD and Autism","display_name":"High Prevalence of Dysgraphia in Elementary Through High School Students With ADHD and Autism","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2737782823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717720721","mag":"2737782823","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28741400"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1087054717720721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717720721","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717720721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4019948","display_name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","issn_l":"1087-0547","issn":["1087-0547","1557-1246"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020254643","display_name":"Susan Dickerson Mayes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6228-8650","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6228-8650"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Susan D. Mayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080923873","display_name":"Rosanna Breaux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5500-6950","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5500-6950"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosanna P. Breaux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109227065","display_name":"Susan L. Calhoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2034-4380","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2034-4380"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan L. Calhoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056974277","display_name":"Sara S. Frye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6821-6527","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6821-6527"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara S. Frye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020254643"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.0882,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99589204,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"787","last_page":"796"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12070","display_name":"Writing and Handwriting Education","score":0.7368000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12070","display_name":"Writing and Handwriting Education","score":0.7368000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.19460000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.028699999675154686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dysgraphia","display_name":"dysgraphia","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder","display_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"autism spectrum disorder","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-motor-integration","display_name":"visual-motor integration","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-and-adolescents","display_name":"children and adolescents","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/writing-difficulties","display_name":"writing difficulties","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accommodation","display_name":"accommodation","score":0.6209999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775946201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584560","display_name":"Dysgraphia","level":4,"score":0.9530559778213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7561109066009521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78170620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1572850","display_name":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","level":4,"score":0.7196282148361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.6123239398002625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89798072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141779","display_name":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","level":3,"score":0.5353662371635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780783007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181923","display_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","level":2,"score":0.5131893754005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166047926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170277","display_name":"Intelligence quotient","level":3,"score":0.46098241209983826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4523058235645294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.36448150873184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.25209081172943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506058694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971","display_name":"Dyslexia","level":3,"score":0.23615339398384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.12504708766937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000381","descriptor_name":"Agraphia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001289","descriptor_name":"Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001321","descriptor_name":"Autistic Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001321","descriptor_name":"Autistic Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001321","descriptor_name":"Autistic Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014888","descriptor_name":"Wechsler Scales","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1087054717720721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717720721","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717720721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4019948","display_name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","issn_l":"1087-0547","issn":["1087-0547","1557-1246"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Attention Disorders","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28741400","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28741400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of attention disorders","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W204695230","https://openalex.org/W976059138","https://openalex.org/W1505932329","https://openalex.org/W1527396922","https://openalex.org/W1570721727","https://openalex.org/W1589451473","https://openalex.org/W1964759149","https://openalex.org/W1965622631","https://openalex.org/W1965750566","https://openalex.org/W1973280165","https://openalex.org/W1975364933","https://openalex.org/W1976008586","https://openalex.org/W1982250992","https://openalex.org/W1984387749","https://openalex.org/W1989444913","https://openalex.org/W1992715570","https://openalex.org/W1996703673","https://openalex.org/W1997107833","https://openalex.org/W1999261641","https://openalex.org/W2000612596","https://openalex.org/W2003408683","https://openalex.org/W2009821600","https://openalex.org/W2014589270","https://openalex.org/W2020822955","https://openalex.org/W2025775252","https://openalex.org/W2031923667","https://openalex.org/W2032362672","https://openalex.org/W2035981790","https://openalex.org/W2039607158","https://openalex.org/W2039916307","https://openalex.org/W2041318565","https://openalex.org/W2041332957","https://openalex.org/W2044039902","https://openalex.org/W2050307652","https://openalex.org/W2050321595","https://openalex.org/W2050393541","https://openalex.org/W2053238786","https://openalex.org/W2058970251","https://openalex.org/W2059046774","https://openalex.org/W2065097933","https://openalex.org/W2068420797","https://openalex.org/W2068748464","https://openalex.org/W2083361872","https://openalex.org/W2085903948","https://openalex.org/W2086247613","https://openalex.org/W2095375398","https://openalex.org/W2099259675","https://openalex.org/W2103308252","https://openalex.org/W2103498731","https://openalex.org/W2104612617","https://openalex.org/W2108240117","https://openalex.org/W2110158921","https://openalex.org/W2110655398","https://openalex.org/W2115918088","https://openalex.org/W2116540844","https://openalex.org/W2121975401","https://openalex.org/W2130855194","https://openalex.org/W2143068011","https://openalex.org/W2146170206","https://openalex.org/W2147121922","https://openalex.org/W2147123408","https://openalex.org/W2147147287","https://openalex.org/W2158377281","https://openalex.org/W2159200697","https://openalex.org/W2164131451","https://openalex.org/W2165659383","https://openalex.org/W2170743500","https://openalex.org/W2217931519","https://openalex.org/W2319664604","https://openalex.org/W2396923292","https://openalex.org/W2400794072","https://openalex.org/W2500555353","https://openalex.org/W2514638220","https://openalex.org/W2593997292","https://openalex.org/W2730825346","https://openalex.org/W4237907087","https://openalex.org/W4247665917","https://openalex.org/W4253225071","https://openalex.org/W4285549959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2800591071","https://openalex.org/W3212007218","https://openalex.org/W4415837023","https://openalex.org/W4243770027","https://openalex.org/W2259365856","https://openalex.org/W1975364933","https://openalex.org/W3105414188","https://openalex.org/W4206135734","https://openalex.org/W4417248244","https://openalex.org/W7017203513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Prevalence":[1],"of":[2,38,64],"dysgraphia":[3],"by":[4],"age":[5,95],"across":[6],"all":[7,67,112],"grade":[8],"levels":[9],"was":[10],"determined":[11],"in":[12,80,114],"students":[13],"with":[14,21,118],"ADHD":[15,119],"or":[16,27,94],"autism.":[17,121],"METHOD:":[18],"Referred":[19],"children":[20,115],"normal":[22,62],"intelligence":[23],"and":[24,42,51,60,75,103,116,120,123],"ADHD-Combined,":[25],"ADHD-Inattentive,":[26],"autism":[28],"(":[29],"N":[30],"=":[31],"1,034)":[32],"were":[33,55],"administered":[34],"the":[35,61],"Developmental":[36],"Test":[37],"Visual-Motor":[39],"Integration":[40],"(VMI)":[41],"Wechsler":[43],"Intelligence":[44],"Scale":[45],"for":[46,66,125],"Children":[47],"(WISC).":[48],"RESULTS:":[49],"VMI":[50],"WISC":[52],"Coding":[53],"scores":[54],"significantly":[56],"lower":[57],"than":[58,70],"IQ":[59],"mean":[63],"100":[65],"diagnoses.":[68],"More":[69],"half":[71],"(59%)":[72],"had":[73,77],"dysgraphia,":[74],"92%":[76],"a":[78],"weakness":[79],"graphomotor":[81],"ability":[82],"relative":[83],"to":[84],"other":[85],"abilities.":[86],"Dysgraphia":[87,108],"prevalence":[88],"did":[89],"not":[90],"differ":[91],"between":[92],"diagnostic":[93],"groups":[96],"(6-7":[97],"years,":[98,101,105],"56%;":[99],"8-10":[100],"60%;":[102],"11-16":[104],"61%).":[106],"CONCLUSION:":[107],"is":[109],"common":[110],"at":[111],"ages":[113],"adolescents":[117],"Accommodations":[122],"strategies":[124],"addressing":[126],"this":[127],"problem":[128],"are":[129],"discussed.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2017-07-31T00:00:00"}