{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2736695185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","title":"Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load","display_name":"Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2736695185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","mag":"2736695185","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28729390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","pdf_url":"https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140889577","display_name":"Journal of Applied Physiology","issn_l":"0161-7567","issn":["0161-7567","1522-1601","8750-7587"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320155","host_organization_name":"American Physiological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physiological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Physiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054464303","display_name":"Lindsay W. Ludlow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-195X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-195X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178169726","display_name":"Southern Methodist University","ror":"https://ror.org/042tdr378","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178169726"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindsay W. Ludlow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178169726"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074865487","display_name":"Peter G. Weyand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0588-0321","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0588-0321"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178169726","display_name":"Southern Methodist University","ror":"https://ror.org/042tdr378","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178169726"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter G. Weyand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178169726"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074865487"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178169726"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3745,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86698732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"123","issue":"5","first_page":"1288","last_page":"1302"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11209","display_name":"Cardiovascular and exercise physiology","score":0.9101999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11209","display_name":"Cardiovascular and exercise physiology","score":0.9101999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11018","display_name":"Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies","score":0.06210000067949295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.01209999993443489,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walking-economy","display_name":"walking economy","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-expenditure","display_name":"energy expenditure","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-consumption","display_name":"oxygen consumption","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walking-speed","display_name":"walking speed","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravity-loads","display_name":"gravity loads","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-rate-prediction","display_name":"metabolic rate prediction","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-force","display_name":"support force","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loaded-walking","display_name":"loaded walking","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treadmill-walking","display_name":"treadmill walking","score":0.6940000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.4390118420124054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.43816646933555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778702312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380016","display_name":"Running economy","level":5,"score":0.43748411536216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3994675278663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3676854968070984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3364124000072479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3266493082046509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3224026560783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2584994435310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22392383217811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.1934179961681366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.18805545568466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.08943450450897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.08819189667701721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196310339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60354","display_name":"VO2 max","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000072797","descriptor_name":"Walking Speed","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005080","descriptor_name":"Exercise Test","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005080","descriptor_name":"Exercise Test","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006112","descriptor_name":"Gravitation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016474","descriptor_name":"Weight-Bearing","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","pdf_url":"https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140889577","display_name":"Journal of Applied Physiology","issn_l":"0161-7567","issn":["0161-7567","1522-1601","8750-7587"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320155","host_organization_name":"American Physiological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physiological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Physiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28729390","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28729390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","pdf_url":"https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140889577","display_name":"Journal of Applied Physiology","issn_l":"0161-7567","issn":["0161-7567","1522-1601","8750-7587"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320155","host_organization_name":"American Physiological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physiological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Physiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2736695185.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2736695185.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22417369","https://openalex.org/W156495300","https://openalex.org/W650074159","https://openalex.org/W789458867","https://openalex.org/W1589503602","https://openalex.org/W1779488347","https://openalex.org/W1874450194","https://openalex.org/W1938089371","https://openalex.org/W1964386231","https://openalex.org/W1967900621","https://openalex.org/W1971122356","https://openalex.org/W1972701804","https://openalex.org/W1976582030","https://openalex.org/W1980928296","https://openalex.org/W1987765263","https://openalex.org/W1993466722","https://openalex.org/W1997635873","https://openalex.org/W2002516805","https://openalex.org/W2004154726","https://openalex.org/W2017291484","https://openalex.org/W2033609351","https://openalex.org/W2042992073","https://openalex.org/W2046798209","https://openalex.org/W2050158673","https://openalex.org/W2053656678","https://openalex.org/W2058074226","https://openalex.org/W2067943429","https://openalex.org/W2069544687","https://openalex.org/W2069893715","https://openalex.org/W2074114766","https://openalex.org/W2076867639","https://openalex.org/W2080826208","https://openalex.org/W2083368010","https://openalex.org/W2086061329","https://openalex.org/W2090920548","https://openalex.org/W2099663213","https://openalex.org/W2111281884","https://openalex.org/W2112276210","https://openalex.org/W2112577349","https://openalex.org/W2113123115","https://openalex.org/W2117368777","https://openalex.org/W2119509630","https://openalex.org/W2121680738","https://openalex.org/W2125641719","https://openalex.org/W2127124305","https://openalex.org/W2127149049","https://openalex.org/W2127938156","https://openalex.org/W2129529543","https://openalex.org/W2144306457","https://openalex.org/W2147982008","https://openalex.org/W2154445870","https://openalex.org/W2157714820","https://openalex.org/W2163457771","https://openalex.org/W2163730451","https://openalex.org/W2169036624","https://openalex.org/W2170860570","https://openalex.org/W2172671730","https://openalex.org/W2176074067","https://openalex.org/W2176882165","https://openalex.org/W2177338808","https://openalex.org/W2178958342","https://openalex.org/W2187559311","https://openalex.org/W2194748803","https://openalex.org/W2210120330","https://openalex.org/W2215298185","https://openalex.org/W2216442358","https://openalex.org/W2227669206","https://openalex.org/W2232289146","https://openalex.org/W2237976954","https://openalex.org/W2238368310","https://openalex.org/W2258109194","https://openalex.org/W2285660370","https://openalex.org/W2324955887","https://openalex.org/W2347006312","https://openalex.org/W2404689151","https://openalex.org/W2503487123","https://openalex.org/W4299991811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W165957564","https://openalex.org/W2049205038","https://openalex.org/W2503487123","https://openalex.org/W7011475399","https://openalex.org/W2216442358","https://openalex.org/W2246304607","https://openalex.org/W2884479820","https://openalex.org/W1993771599","https://openalex.org/W1964386231","https://openalex.org/W2327874359"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,224,291,324],"metabolic":[1,160],"energy":[2],"that":[3,42,242,270,306,342],"human":[4,243,272],"walking":[5,135,150,244,273,300,312],"requires":[6],"can":[7],"vary":[8],"by":[9,249],"more":[10],"than":[11],"10-fold,":[12],"depending":[13],"on":[14,81,117,314],"the":[15,23,118,132,149,157,189,197,208,250],"speed,":[16,52,285],"surface":[17,53,286,319],"gradient,":[18],"and":[19,34,55,89,106,168,179,211,288,298],"load":[20,167],"carried.":[21],"Although":[22],"mechanical":[24,252],"factors":[25],"determining":[26],"economy":[27,200,245,274],"are":[28,46],"generally":[29],"considered":[30],"to":[31,78,114,131,140,166,195,240,322],"be":[32],"numerous":[33],"complex,":[35],"we":[36,92],"tested":[37,93],"a":[38,94,125,182,256,266,276,308],"minimum":[39,251,328],"mechanics":[40,329],"hypothesis":[41],"only":[43,282],"three":[44,101,283],"variables":[45],"needed":[47],"for":[48],"broad,":[49],"accurate":[50],"prediction:":[51],"grade,":[54,287],"total":[56],"gravitational":[57],"load.":[58],"We":[59],"first":[60],"measured":[61],"steady-state":[62,296],"rates":[63,123],"of":[64,97,156,191,206,226,259,279,311,316,326,343],"oxygen":[65],"uptake":[66],"in":[67,163,170],"20":[68,98],"healthy":[69],"adult":[70],"subjects":[71,99,194],"during":[72],"unloaded":[73,212,299],"treadmill":[74],"trials":[75,213,219,301],"from":[76,112,128,188,220,281],"0.4":[77],"1.6":[79],"m/s":[80,116],"six":[82,120,317],"gradients:":[83],"\u22126,":[84],"\u22123,":[85],"0,":[86],"3,":[87],"6,":[88],"9\u00b0.":[90],"Next,":[91],"second":[95],"set":[96,294],"under":[100],"torso-loading":[102],"conditions":[103,280],"(no-load,":[104],"+18,":[105],"+31%":[107],"body":[108],"weight)":[109],"at":[110],"speeds":[111,313],"0.6":[113],"1.4":[115],"same":[119],"gradients.":[121],"Metabolic":[122],"spanned":[124],"14-fold":[126],"range":[127,258,278,310],"supine":[129],"rest":[130],"greatest":[133],"single-trial":[134],"mean":[136],"(3.1":[137],"\u00b1":[138,142],"0.1":[139],"43.3":[141],"0.5":[143],"ml":[144,202,236,338],"O2\u00b7kg-body\u22121\u00b7min\u22121,":[145],"respectively).":[146],"As":[147],"theorized,":[148],"portion":[151],"(V\u0307o2-walk":[152],"=":[153,217,231,234,304,333,336],"V\u0307o2-gross\u2013":[154],"V\u0307o2-supine-rest)":[155],"body\u2019s":[158],"gross":[159],"rate":[161],"increased":[162],"direct":[164],"proportion":[165],"largely":[169],"accordance":[171],"with":[172],"support":[173],"force":[174],"requirements":[175,253],"across":[176,255,275],"both":[177],"speed":[178],"grade.":[180],"Consequently,":[181],"single":[183],"minimum-mechanics":[184],"equation":[185],"was":[186],"derived":[187],"data":[190,293],"10":[192],"unloaded-condition":[193],"predict":[196],"pooled":[198],"mass-specific":[199],"(V\u0307o2-gross,":[201],"O2\u00b7kg-body":[203],"+":[204],"load\u22121\u00b7min\u22121)":[205],"all":[207],"remaining":[209],"loaded":[210,297],"combined":[214],"(":[215,229,302,331],"n":[216,303],"1,412":[218],"90":[221],"speed/grade/load":[222],"conditions).":[223],"accuracy":[225,325],"prediction":[227],"achieved":[228],"r2":[230,332],"0.99,":[232],"SEE":[233,335],"1.06":[235,337],"O2\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121)":[237,339],"leads":[238],"us":[239],"conclude":[241],"is":[246,265],"predictably":[247],"determined":[248],"present":[254],"broad":[257,277],"conditions.":[260],"NEW":[261],"&":[262],"NOTEWORTHY":[263],"Introduced":[264],"\u201cminimum":[267],"mechanics\u201d":[268],"model":[269,330],"predicts":[271],"variables:":[284],"body-plus-load":[289],"mass.":[290],"derivation/validation":[292],"includes":[295],"3,414)":[305],"span":[307],"fourfold":[309],"each":[315],"different":[318],"gradients":[320],"(\u22126":[321],"+9\u00b0).":[323],"our":[327],"0.99;":[334],"appreciably":[340],"exceeds":[341],"currently":[344],"used":[345],"standards.":[346]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2017-07-31T00:00:00"}