{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2724686751","doi":null,"title":"Is child labor really necessary in Indias carpet industry","display_name":"Is child labor really necessary in Indias carpet industry","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2724686751","mag":"2724686751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2724686751","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.popline.org/node/296840","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027097790","display_name":"Deborah Levison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3718-3432","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3718-3432"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah Levison","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3718-3432","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091843273","display_name":"Richard Anker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Anker","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051168380","display_name":"Shahid Ashraf","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085871611","display_name":"Sandhya Barge","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandhya Barge","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47129506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12490","display_name":"Software Engineering and Design Patterns","score":0.8306000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12490","display_name":"Software Engineering and Design Patterns","score":0.8306000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11552","display_name":"Global trade, sustainability, and social impact","score":0.121799997985363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.0210999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-labor","display_name":"child labor","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carpet-industry","display_name":"carpet industry","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-replacement","display_name":"labor replacement","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-productivity","display_name":"labor productivity","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-competitiveness","display_name":"export competitiveness","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uttar-pradesh","display_name":"Uttar Pradesh","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mirzapur","display_name":"Mirzapur","score":0.7799999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281228","display_name":"Disadvantage","level":2,"score":0.8022045493125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6498931050300598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.546286940574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5288413763046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.49832987785339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4832392632961273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018581295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498","display_name":"Uttar pradesh","level":2,"score":0.4795098602771759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4252341389656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.36906856298446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3211108446121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2205233871936798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.16115513443946838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08624148368835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2724686751","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.popline.org/node/296840","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151611242","https://openalex.org/W4298185288","https://openalex.org/W3112003688","https://openalex.org/W565393211","https://openalex.org/W97655149","https://openalex.org/W592427954","https://openalex.org/W2321178049","https://openalex.org/W7018030883","https://openalex.org/W2144793388","https://openalex.org/W2621302289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,64],"examines":[2],"the":[3,10,21,46,74,83,88,92,116,155,269,282,293,309,332,338],"impact":[4,324],"of":[5,24,30,65,73,76,85,94,105,230,251,263,271,284,296,331,340],"eliminating":[6,95],"child":[7,81,86,96,344],"labor":[8,82,87,133,213],"from":[9,20,157],"hand-knotted":[11,187],"rug":[12],"industry":[13],"in":[14,18,40,45,59,137,154,228,265],"Uttar":[15],"Pradesh":[16],"India":[17,60],"1993":[19],"industrys":[22],"point":[23],"view.":[25],"A":[27,69,322],"sample":[28],"survey":[29],"loom":[31],"owners/employers":[32],"(362":[33],"enterprises":[34,77],"and":[35,42,57,61,78,91,112,125,148,175,215,247],"772":[36],"looms)":[37],"was":[38],"conducted":[39,53],"Mirzapur":[41],"Sonbhadra":[43],"districts":[44],"Carpet":[47],"Belt.":[48],"In-depth":[50],"interviews":[51],"were":[52,277],"among":[54],"weavers":[55],"owners":[56,79],"exporters":[58,291],"a":[62,121,170,196],"case":[63],"US":[66,275,305],"importers.":[67],"description":[70],"is":[71,126,200],"given":[72],"types":[75],"using":[80],"irreplaceability":[84],"relative":[89],"productivity":[90],"cost":[93,118],"labor.":[97,345],"The":[99,129],"tentative":[100],"results":[101],"indicate":[102],"that":[103,202,216,225,260],"replacement":[104],"children":[106],"by":[107,119,249,343],"adults":[108],"aged":[109],"14":[110],"years":[111],"older":[113],"would":[114,134,140,193,232,267,336],"increase":[115,227,262,311],"consumer":[117,160],"only":[120],"few":[122],"percentage":[123,163,246],"points":[124],"feasible.":[127],"shift":[130],"to":[131,142,146,159,185,240,299,304,316],"adult":[132],"involve":[135],"increases":[136,243],"wages":[138],"which":[139,335],"have":[141,233,292],"be":[143,168,194,209,328],"passed":[144],"on":[145,236,281,325],"subcontractors":[147],"exporters.":[149],"If":[151,181],"all":[152,186],"parties":[153],"chain":[156],"producer":[158],"kept":[161],"their":[162,312,314],"margins":[164],"Indian":[165,272,290],"carpets":[166,301],"could":[167],"at":[169,195,205],"competitive":[171],"disadvantage":[172],"with":[173,204,222],"Chinas":[174],"Pakistans":[176],"very":[177],"close":[178],"substitutes.":[179],"global":[182],"policy":[183],"applied":[184],"carpet":[188,252],"industries":[189],"no":[190,234],"one":[191],"country":[192],"disadvantage.":[197],"It":[199],"suggested":[201],"companies":[203],"least":[206],"5":[207],"looms":[208],"targeted":[210],"first":[211],"for":[212],"replacements":[214],"women":[217],"replace":[218],"men.":[219],"Interviews":[221],"wholesalers":[223],"reveals":[224],"an":[226,261],"costs":[229,266],"5%":[231],"effect":[235],"sales.":[237],"Responses":[239],"questions":[241],"about":[242],"beyond":[244],"this":[245],"specification":[248],"quality":[250],"are":[253],"viewed":[254,278],"as":[255,279,308],"inadequate.":[256],"Most":[258],"agreed":[259],"24%":[264],"prevent":[268],"purchase":[270],"carpets.":[273],"consumers":[276],"buying":[280],"basis":[283],"color":[285],"rather":[286],"than":[287],"brand.":[288],"market":[294,317],"advantage":[295],"being":[297],"able":[298],"produce":[300],"more":[302],"quickly":[303],"desires":[306],"but":[307],"Chinese":[310],"production":[313],"responsiveness":[315],"demand":[318],"may":[319],"change.":[320],"major":[323],"markets":[326],"will":[327],"potential":[329],"passage":[330],"Harkin":[333],"Bill":[334],"ban":[337],"importation":[339],"commodities":[341],"produced":[342]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2017-07-14T00:00:00"}