{"id":"https://openalex.org/W272299409","doi":null,"title":"Electoral Consequences of Violent Crime: Evidence from Venezuela","display_name":"Electoral Consequences of Violent Crime: Evidence from Venezuela","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W272299409","mag":"272299409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:dbl:dblpap:687","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016769078","display_name":"Dorothy Kronick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9647-9842","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9647-9842"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dorothy Kronick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9647-9842","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016769078"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13684","display_name":"Political Dynamics in Latin America","score":0.030700000002980232,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.027699999511241913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violent-crime","display_name":"violent crime","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homicide","display_name":"homicide","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrospective-voting","display_name":"retrospective voting","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voter-responsiveness","display_name":"voter responsiveness","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-quality","display_name":"political quality","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-law-enforcement","display_name":"drug enforcement","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colombia-venezuela-border","display_name":"Colombian-Venezuelan border","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/venezuela","display_name":"Venezuela","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/county-level-elections","display_name":"county-level elections","score":0.37400001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.7666726112365723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525541732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149086","display_name":"Homicide","level":4,"score":0.7031188607215881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5918264389038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.584478497505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5187209248542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5066512227058411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776157319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5185258","display_name":"Crime control","level":3,"score":0.5021655559539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.459328830242157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.40671977400779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.33853036165237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.33336567878723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3069886565208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.24564197659492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1677967607975006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16394588351249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.13597720861434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09688979387283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.07220712304115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06888028979301453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:dbl:dblpap:687","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:dbl:dblwop:687","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:272299409","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scioteca.caf.com/bitstream/123456789/687/1/Electoral%20Consequences%20of%20Violent%20Crime.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W371049339","https://openalex.org/W656577657","https://openalex.org/W1480243676","https://openalex.org/W1565767726","https://openalex.org/W1978907431","https://openalex.org/W2077434763","https://openalex.org/W2093714429","https://openalex.org/W2109623044","https://openalex.org/W2112994583","https://openalex.org/W2119495081","https://openalex.org/W2170291011","https://openalex.org/W2181536822","https://openalex.org/W2186685522","https://openalex.org/W2262711326","https://openalex.org/W2479507269","https://openalex.org/W3124140219","https://openalex.org/W3126091374","https://openalex.org/W3194663335"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2571130282","https://openalex.org/W2185171201","https://openalex.org/W2596950786","https://openalex.org/W2781778037","https://openalex.org/W3158252829","https://openalex.org/W1819356195","https://openalex.org/W4211165315","https://openalex.org/W4287969087","https://openalex.org/W4409426346","https://openalex.org/W2999738182"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"what":[1],"extent":[2],"to":[3,46,58],"do":[4],"voters":[5,54,113],"hold":[6],"political":[7,123],"incumbents":[8],"accountable":[9],"for":[10],"policy":[11,48],"outcomes?":[12],"This":[13],"paper":[14],"considers":[15],"retrospective":[16,131],"voting":[17,134],"in":[18,40,60,98,101,104],"the":[19,67,73,87],"context":[20],"of":[21,69,75,89,121,133],"violent":[22],"crime.":[23],"Using":[24],"a":[25],"novel":[26],"panel":[27],"data":[28],"set":[29],"on":[30],"county":[31],"-and":[32],"neighborhood-":[33],"level":[34],"homicide":[35,61,116],"incidence":[36],"and":[37,71],"vote":[38],"shares":[39],"Venezuela,":[41,105],"I":[42,106],"nd":[43],"that,":[44],"relative":[45],"other":[47],"outcomes":[49,117],"such":[50],"as":[51,110,118],"cash":[52],"transfers,":[53],"are":[55,126],"generally":[56],"unresponsive":[57],"changes":[59],"incidence.":[62],"However,":[63],"responsiveness":[64],"varies":[65],"with":[66,72,129],"type":[68],"election":[70],"nature":[74],"local":[76],"crime":[77],"control":[78],"institutions":[79],"(which":[80],"change":[81],"within":[82],"municipality":[83],"over":[84],"time).":[85],"Noting":[86],"role":[88],"external":[90],"shocks":[91],"(for":[92],"example,":[93],"from":[94],"drug":[95],"enforcement":[96],"activities":[97],"neighboring":[99],"Colombia)":[100],"producing":[102],"violence":[103],"interpret":[107],"these":[108],"results":[109],"evidence":[111],"that":[112],"(correctly)":[114],"view":[115],"weak":[119],"signals":[120],"incumbent":[122],"quality.":[124],"Theresults":[125],"therefore":[127],"consistent":[128],"rational":[130],"models":[132],"behavior.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
