{"id":"https://openalex.org/W27091191","doi":null,"title":"Implementing International Law: The Worldwide Criminalization of Atrocities in Domestic Legal Systems, 1945-2010","display_name":"Implementing International Law: The Worldwide Criminalization of Atrocities in Domestic Legal Systems, 1945-2010","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W27091191","mag":"27091191"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:27091191","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2453213_code1350872.pdf?abstractid=2453213&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2453213_code1350872.pdf?abstractid=2453213&mirid=1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077846696","display_name":"Mark S. Berlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0810-6577","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0810-6577"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark S. Berlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marquette University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0810-6577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marquette University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077846696"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14492","display_name":"War, Law, and Justice","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-law-implementation","display_name":"implementation of international law","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genocide","display_name":"genocide","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-crimes","display_name":"war crimes","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crimes-against-humanity","display_name":"crimes against humanity","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-code-reform","display_name":"criminal code reform","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-criminal-law","display_name":"domestic criminal law","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-crimes","display_name":"international crimes","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-transplants","display_name":"legal transplants","score":0.48100000619888306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173462","display_name":"Crimes against humanity","level":4,"score":0.7766896486282349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.6532169580459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6498985290527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.6410825252532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204342414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41397","display_name":"Genocide","level":2,"score":0.6182585954666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195064531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135010","display_name":"War crime","level":3,"score":0.5976954698562622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.5193192362785339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2745341","display_name":"Impunity","level":3,"score":0.5110310316085815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185436325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"Public international law","level":3,"score":0.49788641929626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42027317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307054","display_name":"Principle of legality","level":2,"score":0.4797138571739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776243541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q928801","display_name":"Universal jurisdiction","level":3,"score":0.4296181797981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.4243113398551941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8705443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8009938","display_name":"Municipal law","level":3,"score":0.4197236895561218}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:27091191","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2453213_code1350872.pdf?abstractid=2453213&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:27091191","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2453213_code1350872.pdf?abstractid=2453213&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10830447","https://openalex.org/W149816874","https://openalex.org/W161560607","https://openalex.org/W172553344","https://openalex.org/W185500018","https://openalex.org/W232910110","https://openalex.org/W559986501","https://openalex.org/W574799715","https://openalex.org/W576415952","https://openalex.org/W577951173","https://openalex.org/W588272873","https://openalex.org/W596996414","https://openalex.org/W600974526","https://openalex.org/W637814686","https://openalex.org/W637915491","https://openalex.org/W651937905","https://openalex.org/W652007545","https://openalex.org/W653927162","https://openalex.org/W659330557","https://openalex.org/W809373252","https://openalex.org/W828166410","https://openalex.org/W830273674","https://openalex.org/W1485196234","https://openalex.org/W1487460761","https://openalex.org/W1493934312","https://openalex.org/W1504202973","https://openalex.org/W1532634545","https://openalex.org/W1542337418","https://openalex.org/W1556061918","https://openalex.org/W1571143319","https://openalex.org/W1573382455","https://openalex.org/W1578276247","https://openalex.org/W1594501748","https://openalex.org/W1838110103","https://openalex.org/W1867155035","https://openalex.org/W1916488750","https://openalex.org/W1976596964","https://openalex.org/W1983556216","https://openalex.org/W2003573179","https://openalex.org/W2003629458","https://openalex.org/W2004416887","https://openalex.org/W2004720158","https://openalex.org/W2006616785","https://openalex.org/W2010172644","https://openalex.org/W2019756626","https://openalex.org/W2024307488","https://openalex.org/W2026069470","https://openalex.org/W2027398644","https://openalex.org/W2037927976","https://openalex.org/W2040284073","https://openalex.org/W2045451042","https://openalex.org/W2048603695","https://openalex.org/W2049645582","https://openalex.org/W2053938224","https://openalex.org/W2057028703","https://openalex.org/W2063818257","https://openalex.org/W2064201228","https://openalex.org/W2067524249","https://openalex.org/W2069696039","https://openalex.org/W2072424204","https://openalex.org/W2075852943","https://openalex.org/W2079643502","https://openalex.org/W2085032178","https://openalex.org/W2091975447","https://openalex.org/W2095293186","https://openalex.org/W2095688137","https://openalex.org/W2096548927","https://openalex.org/W2099087697","https://openalex.org/W2100926514","https://openalex.org/W2111598364","https://openalex.org/W2115411156","https://openalex.org/W2118463881","https://openalex.org/W2119123462","https://openalex.org/W2121052643","https://openalex.org/W2125808440","https://openalex.org/W2128260335","https://openalex.org/W2135488708","https://openalex.org/W2139944672","https://openalex.org/W2142889348","https://openalex.org/W2146797700","https://openalex.org/W2146959151","https://openalex.org/W2147915527","https://openalex.org/W2151599283","https://openalex.org/W2155340768","https://openalex.org/W2156236917","https://openalex.org/W2160782897","https://openalex.org/W2162724151","https://openalex.org/W2164071095","https://openalex.org/W2166040563","https://openalex.org/W2168615183","https://openalex.org/W2169078077","https://openalex.org/W2250135205","https://openalex.org/W2295234809","https://openalex.org/W2404273140","https://openalex.org/W2483099336","https://openalex.org/W2489955466","https://openalex.org/W2493046516","https://openalex.org/W2501226303","https://openalex.org/W2505425764","https://openalex.org/W2608586671","https://openalex.org/W2801023978","https://openalex.org/W2891153300","https://openalex.org/W2916782232","https://openalex.org/W2994377599","https://openalex.org/W3048663374","https://openalex.org/W3123282572","https://openalex.org/W3124020593","https://openalex.org/W3124112695","https://openalex.org/W3200306470","https://openalex.org/W4240686050","https://openalex.org/W4253909068","https://openalex.org/W4255225852"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2520059786","https://openalex.org/W3019580884","https://openalex.org/W4249225844","https://openalex.org/W4386270007","https://openalex.org/W3019093670","https://openalex.org/W3019845055","https://openalex.org/W3018507900","https://openalex.org/W406618059","https://openalex.org/W2902559150","https://openalex.org/W3020222343"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"bodies":[1],"of":[2,64,73,89,110,124,128,138,146,156,173,243,280,297],"research":[3,16],"examine":[4],"why":[5,65],"states":[6,21,68,83,113,275],"construct":[7],"and":[8,27,66,101,236,251],"ratify":[9],"international":[10,29,34,49,70,90,129],"legal":[11,35,50,91,178],"agreements.":[12],"Yet":[13],"relatively":[14],"little":[15],"assesses":[17],"under":[18],"what":[19],"conditions":[20],"are":[22,55,284],"likely":[23,286],"to":[24,61,133,185,195,203,214,287],"go":[25],"further":[26],"implement,":[28],"law,":[30],"that":[31,43,93,142,153,222,261,274,276],"is,":[32,94],"incorporate":[33],"rules":[36],"into":[37],"domestic":[38,75],"laws":[39,159,220,246],"\u2013":[40,217,221],"a":[41,116,227,295],"step":[42],"is":[44],"often":[45],"crucial":[46],"for":[47,135,271,294],"making":[48],"agreements":[51],"work":[52],"as":[53],"they":[54,223],"designed":[56],"to.":[57],"This":[58],"study":[59],"contributes":[60],"our":[62],"understanding":[63],"when":[67],"make":[69],"law":[71,76],"part":[72],"their":[74,211,281],"by":[77,81,176,183],"examining":[78],"the":[79,111,136,144,154,161,164,171,193,241,259],"patterns":[80],"which":[82],"worldwide":[84],"have":[85,114],"implemented":[86],"one":[87,123],"set":[88],"norms,":[92],"criminal":[95,118,188,229,245,282],"prohibitions":[96],"against":[97,103,120,247,253],"genocide,":[98,248],"war":[99,249],"crimes,":[100,250],"crimes":[102,252],"humanity.":[104],"Since":[105],"1945,":[106,266],"about":[107],"three":[108,126],"quarters":[109],"world\u2019s":[112],"adopted":[115,263],"national":[117,187,244],"statue":[119],"at":[121],"least":[122],"these":[125,207],"categories":[127],"crimes.":[130],"In":[131],"contrast":[132],"explanations":[134],"spread":[137],"human":[139],"rights":[140],"norms":[141,198,216],"emphasize":[143],"role":[145],"bottom-up":[147],"civil":[148],"society":[149],"advocacy,":[150],"I":[151,267],"argue":[152],"implementation":[155],"such":[157,205],"anti-atrocity":[197,219,289],"around":[160],"world":[162,260],"over":[163],"past":[165],"sixty":[166],"years":[167],"has":[168,199,262],"largely":[169],"been":[170],"result":[172],"choices":[174],"made":[175],"technocratic":[177],"experts":[179,208],"who":[180],"were":[181],"appointed":[182],"governments":[184,202],"lead":[186],"code":[189,230],"reform":[190],"projects.":[191],"Though":[192],"desire":[194],"implement":[196,288],"not":[200],"motivated":[201],"initiate":[204],"reforms,":[206],"nonetheless":[209],"used":[210],"delegated":[212],"authority":[213],"codify":[215],"like":[218],"believed":[224],"embodied":[225],"how":[226],"\u201cmodern\u201d":[228],"should":[231],"look.":[232],"Using":[233],"event":[234],"history":[235],"an":[237],"original":[238],"dataset":[239],"covering":[240],"existence":[242],"humanity":[254],"in":[255,258],"every":[256],"country":[257],"them":[264],"since":[265],"find":[268],"strong":[269],"support":[270],"my":[272],"argument":[273],"undertake":[277],"wholesale":[278],"redesigns":[279],"codes":[283],"highly":[285],"laws,":[290],"even":[291],"while":[292],"controlling":[293],"variety":[296],"alternative":[298],"explanations.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
