{"id":"https://openalex.org/W26737332","doi":null,"title":"A Retrospective Study of DARE: Substantive Effects not Detected in Undergraduates.","display_name":"A Retrospective Study of DARE: Substantive Effects not Detected in Undergraduates.","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W26737332","mag":"26737332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:26737332","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ646854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87311680","display_name":"Journal of alcohol and drug education","issn_l":"0090-1482","issn":["0090-1482"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of alcohol and drug education","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089437139","display_name":"Dennis L. Thombs","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dennis L. Thombs","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089437139"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0038251,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12842","display_name":"Youth, Drugs, and Violence","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dare-program","display_name":"DARE program","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-abuse-resistance-education","display_name":"Drug Abuse Resistance Education","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-based-drug-prevention","display_name":"school-based drug prevention","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-use","display_name":"substance use","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undergraduate-students","display_name":"undergraduate students","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-efficacy","display_name":"program efficacy","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-effects","display_name":"long-term effects","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-use","display_name":"tobacco use","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alcohol-consumption","display_name":"alcohol consumption","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-use","display_name":"drug use","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-school-students","display_name":"high school students","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence-prevention","display_name":"violence prevention","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-prevention","display_name":"tobacco use prevention","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780399684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308891","display_name":"Drug education","level":3,"score":0.6358994841575623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5297991633415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40010229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3184856","display_name":"Substance abuse","level":2,"score":0.5054376125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49898467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517706","display_name":"Stratified sampling","level":2,"score":0.462046355009079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.445110946893692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3066766858100891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.17200499773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:26737332","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ646854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87311680","display_name":"Journal of alcohol and drug education","issn_l":"0090-1482","issn":["0090-1482"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of alcohol and drug education","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.5385000109672546}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991359824","https://openalex.org/W2007176120","https://openalex.org/W2008958026","https://openalex.org/W2023353393","https://openalex.org/W2033142839","https://openalex.org/W2039138169","https://openalex.org/W2056163037","https://openalex.org/W2084262242","https://openalex.org/W2086557748","https://openalex.org/W2136778389","https://openalex.org/W2146631127","https://openalex.org/W2330890904","https://openalex.org/W2409870141","https://openalex.org/W2462656770","https://openalex.org/W2732615395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998301984","https://openalex.org/W2112567862","https://openalex.org/W2154250442","https://openalex.org/W2047392456","https://openalex.org/W2136778389","https://openalex.org/W4236274103","https://openalex.org/W2082197395","https://openalex.org/W2015168408","https://openalex.org/W2797062983","https://openalex.org/W2073325533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"retrospective":[2,530],"study":[3,531],"examined":[4],"the":[5,69,86,101,120,132,135,142,169,184,192,216,220,241,246,310,323,331,368,386,412,429,472,498,511,535,562],"long-term":[6,416],"effects":[7,87],"of":[8,37,88,134,145,206,215,302,319,333,346,367,373,379,407,428,450,476,501,508,528,549,606],"DARE":[9,58,102,136,146,224,230,283,321,336,347,408,438,493,502,541,565,600],"by":[10,27,236,471],"assessing":[11],"substance":[12,97,432,571,607],"use":[13,118,153,396,420,544,572],"among":[14,44,148],"undergraduates":[15,150,558],"(N=630)":[16],"attending":[17],"a":[18,33,60,77,127,203,232,377,404,460,506,547],"large":[19],"public":[20,208],"university":[21,550],"in":[22,32,57,68,96,100,119,191,219,228,258,510,540,546,573],"Ohio.":[23],"Data":[24],"were":[25,73,91],"collected":[26],"an":[28,467],"anonymous":[29],"survey":[30,205],"administered":[31],"stratified":[34],"random":[35],"sample":[36,548],"undergraduate":[38,121],"classes.":[39],"The":[40,181,364,526,552],"results":[41],"revealed":[42],"that":[43,82,130,212,262,385,411,448,593],"those":[45,149],"respondents":[46],"one":[47],"to":[48,115,126,141,245,288,293,306,357,439,533,557,561],"six":[49],"years":[50],"beyond":[51],"high":[52,110,177],"school,":[53,106,108,173],"62.5%":[54],"had":[55,65,222,414],"participated":[56,67],"as":[59,459,505],"child":[61],"or":[62,109,156,360,454],"teenager,":[63],"30.6%":[64],"not":[66,113,436,456,491],"program,":[70,563],"and":[71,176,248,269,277,292,313,316,351,403,483,542,601],"6.7%":[72],"uncertain.":[74],"Results":[75],"from":[76,354],"multiple":[78],"discriminant":[79],"analysis":[80],"found":[81,211,384,410],"after":[83],"accounting":[84],"for":[85,342,447],"age,":[89],"there":[90,594],"no":[92,389,415],"substantial":[93,597],"group":[94],"differences":[95],"use.":[98,608],"Participation":[99],"program":[103,182,234,242,369,387,413],"during":[104],"elementary":[105,172],"middle":[107,174],"school":[111,209,217,254,440],"did":[112,490],"appear":[114],"deter":[116],"subsequent":[117,543],"years.":[122],"These":[123],"finding":[124],"add":[125],"growing":[128],"literature":[129],"questions":[131],"efficacy":[133],"program.":[137],"Discussion":[138],"is":[139,183,231,304,322,458],"directed":[140],"possible":[143],"consequences":[144],"participation":[147,539,566],"who":[151],"subsequently":[152],"tobacco,":[154],"alcohol":[155],"other":[157,340],"drugs.":[158],"**********":[159],"Drug":[160,521],"Abuse":[161],"Resistance":[162],"Education":[163,477],"(DARE)":[164],"has":[165,284,388,503],"rapidly":[166],"diffused":[167],"into":[168],"Nation":[170],"s":[171],"schools,":[175],"schools":[178],"(Roger,":[179],"1995).":[180,363],"most":[324],"widely":[186],"used":[187],"drug":[188,395,419,515],"prevention":[189,291,327,487],"approach":[462],"United":[193,473],"States":[474],"(Dusenbury,":[195],"Falco":[196],"&":[197,226,400],"Lake,":[198],"1997,":[199],"p.":[200],"128).":[201],"Indeed,":[202],"2000":[204],"Ohio":[207],"superintendents":[210],"about":[213],"85%":[214],"districts":[218,255,441],"state":[221],"implemented":[223],"(Thomas":[225],"Ray-Tomasek,":[227],"press).":[229],"school-based":[233,486],"taught":[235],"uniformed":[237],"police":[238],"officers.":[239],"Originally,":[240],"was":[243,532,591],"delivery":[244,260],"fifth":[247],"sixth":[249],"graders,":[250],"but":[251,489],"now":[252],"many":[253,427],"are":[256],"participating":[257],"modified":[259],"approaches":[261],"target":[263],"students":[264],"at":[265],"all":[266],"grade":[267],"levels":[268],"may":[270],"include":[271,492],"community":[272],"events,":[273],"school-wide":[274],"assemblies,":[275],"contests,":[276],"games":[278],"(DARE":[279],"America,":[280],"2001).":[281,525],"Furthmore,":[282],"revised":[285],"its":[286],"curriculum":[287],"encompass":[289],"violence":[290],"focus":[294],"more":[295,361],"attention":[296],"on":[297,393,418,494,578,604],"tobacco.":[298],"A":[299],"great":[300],"deal":[301],"money":[303],"spent":[305],"support":[307],"DARE.":[308],"In":[309,425],"federal":[311],"Safe":[312],"Drug-Free":[314],"Schools":[315],"Communities":[317],"Act":[318],"1994,":[320],"prominently":[325],"mentioned":[326],"option.":[328],"However,":[329],"since":[330],"passage":[332],"this":[334,529],"legislation,":[335],"must":[337],"compete":[338],"with":[339],"programs":[341],"government":[343],"funding.":[344],"Estimates":[345],"annual":[348],"costs":[349],"(public":[350],"private)":[352],"range":[353],"$153":[355],"million":[356],"$750":[358],"million,":[359],"(Elliot,":[362],"grassroots":[365],"nature":[366],"precludes":[370],"definitive":[371],"calculation":[372],"these":[374],"costs.":[375],"Unfortunately,":[376],"meta-analysis":[378],"eight,":[380],"well-designed,":[381],"outcome":[382,580],"studies":[383,581],"significant":[390],"short-term":[391],"effect":[392,417],"adolescent":[394],"(Ennett,":[397],"Tobler,":[398],"Ringwalt,":[399],"Flewelling,":[401],"1994),":[402],"10-year":[405],"follow-up":[406],"participants":[409,603],"(Lynam":[421],"et":[422,583,587],"al.,":[423,584,588],"1999).":[424],"addition,":[426],"nation's":[430],"major":[431],"abuse":[433],"organizations":[434],"do":[435,455],"recommend":[437],"(Join":[442,518],"Together":[443],"2001":[444],"Northeast":[445],"Center":[446],"Application":[449],"Prevention":[451],"Technologies":[452],"2001),":[453],"identify":[457],"promising":[485],"(Drug":[463],"Strategies":[464],"1996).":[465],"Recently,":[466],"expert":[468],"panel":[469],"convened":[470],"Department":[475],"(2001":[478],"a)":[479],"identified":[480],"9":[481],"exemplary":[482],"33":[484],"programs,":[488],"either":[495],"list.":[496],"Thus,":[497],"continuing":[499],"popularity":[500],"emerged":[504],"point":[507],"controversy":[509],"national":[512],"debate":[513],"over":[514],"control":[516],"policy":[517],"Together,":[519],"2001;":[520],"Reform":[522],"Coordination":[523],"Network,":[524],"purpose":[527],"assess":[534],"relationship":[536],"between":[537,599],"K-12":[538],"involvement":[545],"students.":[551],"research":[553],"question":[554],"was:":[555],"compared":[556],"never":[559],"exposed":[560],"does":[564],"offer":[567],"additional":[568],"protection":[569],"against":[570],"later":[574],"college":[575],"years?":[576],"Based":[577],"previous":[579],"(Ennett":[582],"1994;":[585],"Lynam":[586],"1999),":[589],"it":[590],"expected":[592],"would":[595],"be":[596],"difference":[598],"non-DARE":[602],"measures":[605],"\u2026":[609]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}