{"id":"https://openalex.org/W266789393","doi":null,"title":"Confluence Is a Primary Measure of Test Validity and It Includes the Creditability of Test Taker","display_name":"Confluence Is a Primary Measure of Test Validity and It Includes the Creditability of Test Taker","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W266789393","mag":"266789393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:266789393","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-108836900/confluence-is-a-primary-measure-of-test-validity-and","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764368359","display_name":"College student journal","issn_l":"0146-3934","issn":["0146-3934","2691-3887"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697738","host_organization_name":"Project Innovation Austin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Project Innovation Austin"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College student journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078722439","display_name":"Russell N. Cassel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Russell N. Cassel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078722439"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"3","first_page":"348","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.6401000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.6401000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.3495999872684479,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-validity","display_name":"test validity","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-school-students","display_name":"high school students","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescent-development","display_name":"adolescent development","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/person-centered-psychology","display_name":"person-centered psychology","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-functioning","display_name":"global functioning","score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-properties","display_name":"psychometric properties","score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dsm-iii-r","display_name":"DSM-III-R","score":0.47600001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7998408079147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6523092985153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189465574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179515","display_name":"Maslow's hierarchy of needs","level":2,"score":0.6367034912109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.6357448697090149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.6256853938102722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778999518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8","display_name":"Happiness","level":2,"score":0.5603553056716919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5013740062713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4418877363204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4117147624492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.35082265734672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.32984355092048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:266789393","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-108836900/confluence-is-a-primary-measure-of-test-validity-and","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764368359","display_name":"College student journal","issn_l":"0146-3934","issn":["0146-3934","2691-3887"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697738","host_organization_name":"Project Innovation Austin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Project Innovation Austin"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College student journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W266895683","https://openalex.org/W2404051626","https://openalex.org/W2119734065","https://openalex.org/W4237362938","https://openalex.org/W2071376950","https://openalex.org/W3116319602","https://openalex.org/W3101901222","https://openalex.org/W2068707178","https://openalex.org/W2315815468","https://openalex.org/W1915097111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,41,80,101,116,171,249,281,305,358,411],"Confluence":[1],"Score":[2],"is":[3,64,93,190,226,368,398,523,527,637],"comprised":[4],"of":[5,8,10,35,67,69,76,82,103,111,127,139,148,156,163,168,186,222,232,244,256,279,295,302,308,319,331,340,375,381,392,404,408,414,460,472,477,503,515,519,531,538,569,580,606],"21":[6],"pairs":[7],"items":[9,385,389],"which":[11,44,129],"about":[12],"half":[13,19],"are":[14,32,346,510,540],"opposites":[15],"and":[16,160,184,189,208,220,234,263,266,272,298,315,365,377,432,469,484,496,499,506,545,562,572,575,582,586,594,600,609,616,633],"the":[17,36,49,58,62,77,83,91,109,112,125,132,166,182,218,229,238,241,277,309,316,320,332,348,351,372,393,415,425,429,433,440,470,482,501,604,620,630,635],"other":[18,26],"simply":[20],"do":[21],"not":[22,524],"agree":[23],"with":[24,86,108,199,291,387,465,481,493,565,588],"each":[25,391],"to":[27,43,57,178,217,288,370,420,449,486,512,558,598,610,629,641],"a":[28,33,45,53,65,140,146,154,161,292,299,328,405,451,454,549,589],"significant":[29,95],"degree.":[30],"They":[31],"part":[34,88,395,417,579],"regular":[37],"200":[38,382],"test":[39,70,106],"items.":[40],"degree":[42],"Test":[46,78,113,361],"Taker":[47],"answers":[48],"first":[50,412],"item":[51,60],"in":[52,55,61,124,181,252,284,336,390,428,453,592,603,627,639],"pair":[54,63],"opposition":[56],"second":[59,434],"measure":[66,421,436],"integrity":[68,75],"results;":[71],"as":[72,74,131,158,165,237,489,508,548,560],"well":[73],"Taker.":[79,114],"correlation":[81],"CON":[84],"score":[85],"all":[87,187,223,245,275,566,607],"scores":[89,418],"on":[90,400,529],"PDT":[92],"statistically":[94],"(r":[96],"=":[97],"0.500":[98],"or":[99],"better).":[100],"validity":[102],"any":[104],"psychological":[105],"begins":[107],"creditability":[110],"**********":[115],"American":[117],"Psychiatric":[118],"Association":[119],"used":[120,192],"26":[121],"advisory":[122],"committees":[123],"development":[374],"DSM-III-R":[128],"served":[130],"basis":[133,239,551],"for":[134,193,240,350,424,439,552,625],"DSM-IV":[135],"(1994),":[136],"It":[137,225,379,397],"consists":[138,380],"five":[141],"point":[142],"rating":[143,147,155,162],"scale":[144],"where":[145,343,535],"5":[149],"suggests":[150],"full":[151,536],"global":[152,169],"functioning;":[153],"3":[157],"average;":[159],"1":[164],"absence":[167,514],"functioning.":[170],"Global":[172,242],"Assessment":[173],"Functioning":[174,243],"Scale":[175],"was":[176,215],"determined":[177,211],"be":[179],"critical":[180],"health":[183],"success":[185,219,522],"individuals,":[188],"being":[191],"such":[194],"purposes.":[195],"Third":[196],"Force":[197],"Psychology":[198],"it's":[200],"Person":[201],"Centered":[202],"theory":[203],"largely":[204],"by":[205,363],"Rogers":[206,233],"(1945)":[207],"Maslow":[209,235],"(1954)":[210],"that":[212,228,327,521,622,634],"Personal":[356,359,446],"Development":[357,360],"central":[216],"happiness":[221],"individuals.":[224,246,410],"clear":[227],"personal":[478],"serves":[236],"Group":[247,250],"Involved":[248],"involved":[251],"this":[253],"study":[254],"consisted":[255],"550":[257],"high":[258,310,329,463],"school":[259,311],"students":[260,269,312,322,334],"(306":[261],"females":[262,271],"204":[264],"males),":[265],"216":[267],"college":[268,321],"196":[270],"90":[273],"males,":[274],"from":[276,286],"state":[278],"Tennessee.":[280],"group":[282],"ranged":[283],"age":[285,294],"14":[287],"49":[289],"years,":[290,297],"mean":[293],"17.68":[296],"standard":[300],"deviation":[301],"3.90":[303],"years.":[304],"largest":[306,317],"portion":[307,318],"were":[313,323,335],"seniors,":[314],"freshmen.":[324],"This":[325],"means":[326],"number":[330],"766":[333],"their":[337,613],"culminating":[338],"stage":[339],"adolescent":[341],"development,":[342,498],"growing":[344],"problems":[345],"at":[347],"maximum":[349],"usual":[352,543],"life":[353],"span.":[354],"Assessing":[355],"(PDT)":[362],"Cassel":[364],"Chow":[366],"(2002)":[367],"designed":[369],"assess":[371],"youth":[376],"adults.":[378],"true/false":[383],"type":[384],"distributed":[386],"25":[388],"8":[394,416],"scores.":[396],"based":[399,457,528],"Dewey's":[401],"(1938)":[402],"definition":[403],"democracy-the":[406],"interdependence":[441],"independent":[409],"4":[413,435],"seeks":[419],"Maturity":[423],"independence":[426],"element":[427],"Dewey":[430],"definition,":[431],"Social":[555],"Integration":[438],"one.":[442],"I.":[443],"Part":[444],"I-":[445],"Maturity--the":[447],"ability":[448,483,557],"make":[450],"living":[452],"competitive":[455],"economic":[456],"society:":[458],"Self-efficacy--exercise":[459],"control":[461],"using":[462],"expectations":[464],"long":[466],"staying":[467],"power,":[468],"long-term":[473],"goals.":[474],"Coping":[475],"Skills--possession":[476],"manipulative":[479],"skills":[480],"willingness":[485],"develop":[487],"others":[488],"needed.":[490],"Positive":[491],"Assertiveness--begins":[492],"character":[494],"education":[495],"moral":[497],"includes":[500],"abuse":[502],"cigarettes,":[504],"alcohol,":[505],"drugs":[507],"they":[509],"related":[511],"an":[513,577],"goal":[516],"attainment.":[517],"Locus":[518],"Control--belief":[520],"luck,":[525],"but":[526],"use":[530],"scientific":[532],"decision":[533],"making":[534],"range":[537],"alternatives":[539],"weighed":[541],"against":[542],"hazards":[544],"likely":[546],"consequence":[547],"realistic":[550],"choice.":[553],"II.":[554],"Integration--the":[556],"accept":[559],"equals":[561],"get":[563],"along":[564],"different":[567],"kinds":[568],"people--race,":[570],"gender,":[571],"religion:":[573],"Conformity--accept":[574],"become":[576],"integral":[578],"community":[581,593],"nation":[583],"like":[584],"others,":[585,608],"always":[587],"team-like":[590],"spirit":[591],"work":[595],"endeavors.":[596],"Sympathy--ability":[597],"empathize":[599],"put":[601],"self":[602],"place":[605],"personally":[611,619],"sense":[612],"individual":[614],"pains":[615],"pleasures.":[617],"Self-esteem--sensing":[618],"image":[621,636],"peers":[623],"hold":[624],"you":[626],"relation":[628,640],"team":[631],"concept,":[632],"lofty":[638],"others.":[642],"\u2026":[643]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}