{"id":"https://openalex.org/W264298065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.310494","title":"Americans Heading for the Cities, Once Again","display_name":"Americans Heading for the Cities, Once Again","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W264298065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.310494","mag":"264298065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ags:uersra:310494","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310494/files/RDP0688a.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310494/files/RDP0688a.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310494","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091706908","display_name":"Calvin L. Beale","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Beale, Calvin L.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Beale, Calvin L.","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beale, Calvin L.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091706908"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6363,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95504215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13618","display_name":"Regional Socio-Economic Development Trends","score":0.7451000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13618","display_name":"Regional Socio-Economic Development Trends","score":0.7451000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12098","display_name":"Rural development and sustainability","score":0.12099999934434891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12502","display_name":"Urbanization and City Planning","score":0.06650000065565109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-to-urban-migration","display_name":"rural-urban migration","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-decline","display_name":"population decline","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonmetropolitan-counties","display_name":"nonmetropolitan counties","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-population-growth","display_name":"rural population growth","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-crisis","display_name":"agricultural crisis","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-employment","display_name":"rural employment","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"urbanization","score":0.3970000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4384217","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.74811190366745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195742910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176494","display_name":"Recession","level":2,"score":0.5856358408927917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5509768724441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.5385236740112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5261332988739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5220856070518494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.5217676758766174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994082534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural population","level":3,"score":0.47914355993270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77352025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386191","display_name":"Population growth","level":3,"score":0.4408326745033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168763156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10354598","display_name":"Rural settlement","level":3,"score":0.4366982877254486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.37509825825691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3454968333244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3339281678199768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.32206714153289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2696966230869293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.1647695004940033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10804492235183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165556158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937","display_name":"Keynesian economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ags:uersra:310494","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310494/files/RDP0688a.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310494/files/RDP0688a.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:310494","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310494","pdf_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310494","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310494","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.22004/ag.econ.310494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.310494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.310494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:310494","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310494","pdf_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310494","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/310494","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6452000141143799,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W264298065.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W264298065.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17388224","https://openalex.org/W2065345044","https://openalex.org/W2289530003","https://openalex.org/W853376794","https://openalex.org/W2293931612","https://openalex.org/W2181653679","https://openalex.org/W7095854105","https://openalex.org/W3174620805","https://openalex.org/W1430122564","https://openalex.org/W6964056678"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Population":[0],"growth":[1],"in":[2,9,13,25,62],"rural":[3,16,44],"and":[4,28,42],"smalltown":[5],"areas":[6,17],"slowed":[7],"greatly":[8],"the":[10,20,40,49,71],"1980's,":[11],"especially":[12],"1983-86.":[14,65],"With":[15],"beset":[18],"by":[19],"farm":[21],"crisis,":[22],"employment":[23],"cutbacks":[24],"major":[26],"industries,":[27],"a":[29],"slow":[30],"recovery":[31],"from":[32,64],"national":[33],"recession,":[34],"fewer":[35],"people":[36,45],"were":[37,46],"moving":[38,47],"to":[39,48],"country":[41],"more":[43],"cities":[50],"looking":[51],"for":[52],"work.":[53],"More":[54],"than":[55],"half":[56],"of":[57],"all":[58],"nonmetro":[59],"counties":[60],"declined":[61],"population":[63],"But,":[66],"some":[67],"indicators":[68],"suggest":[69],"that":[70],"worst":[72],"may":[73],"now":[74],"be":[75],"over.":[76]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-01T08:31:24.195828","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}