{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2642595558","doi":null,"title":"Exploring college leaders' critical incident experiences pursuant to improving campus safety policies during the mass-shooting era","display_name":"Exploring college leaders' critical incident experiences pursuant to improving campus safety policies during the mass-shooting era","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2642595558","mag":"2642595558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ttu-ir.tdl.org:2346/72738","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2346/72738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402519","display_name":"ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","host_organization_name":"Texas Tech University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063852730","display_name":"Demetrick D. Pennie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Demetrick D. Pennie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063852730"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14203","display_name":"Education, Safety, and Science Studies","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campus-safety-policy","display_name":"campus safety policy","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-shootings","display_name":"mass shootings","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-presidents","display_name":"university presidents","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-incidents","display_name":"critical incidents","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campus-policing","display_name":"campus policing","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campus-safety","display_name":"campus safety","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-administrators","display_name":"university administrators","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-discipline","display_name":"student discipline","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership-in-higher-education","display_name":"higher education leadership","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-behavior-regulation","display_name":"student behavior regulation","score":0.3199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140878338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947987","display_name":"Critical mass (sociodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4435347616672516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4185439646244049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985105721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479512","display_name":"Incident response","level":2,"score":0.41544878482818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33628082275390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.32666757702827454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.19727271795272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.157999187707901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15412405133247375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.07043072581291199}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ttu-ir.tdl.org:2346/72738","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2346/72738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402519","display_name":"ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","host_organization_name":"Texas Tech University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:2642595558","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/handle/2346/72738","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9200000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91517862","https://openalex.org/W124890213","https://openalex.org/W214482743","https://openalex.org/W351745186","https://openalex.org/W577176362","https://openalex.org/W1516534262","https://openalex.org/W1529640535","https://openalex.org/W1547450212","https://openalex.org/W1693731968","https://openalex.org/W1741321747","https://openalex.org/W1769919882","https://openalex.org/W1820505434","https://openalex.org/W1959388057","https://openalex.org/W1974592050","https://openalex.org/W2001045345","https://openalex.org/W2020033066","https://openalex.org/W2021498740","https://openalex.org/W2028954902","https://openalex.org/W2038617872","https://openalex.org/W2048532089","https://openalex.org/W2049714767","https://openalex.org/W2065627858","https://openalex.org/W2069124141","https://openalex.org/W2086105564","https://openalex.org/W2098629442","https://openalex.org/W2106972098","https://openalex.org/W2117188461","https://openalex.org/W2121913537","https://openalex.org/W2140183187","https://openalex.org/W2142325887","https://openalex.org/W2145834514","https://openalex.org/W2150049413","https://openalex.org/W2171380100","https://openalex.org/W2177443865","https://openalex.org/W2185352661","https://openalex.org/W2339072317","https://openalex.org/W2466307579","https://openalex.org/W2528007513","https://openalex.org/W2910525748","https://openalex.org/W2911355632","https://openalex.org/W2936176896","https://openalex.org/W2992940786","https://openalex.org/W3125517496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229701862","https://openalex.org/W2957363168","https://openalex.org/W2283475362","https://openalex.org/W7128563928","https://openalex.org/W7213945233","https://openalex.org/W4413319116","https://openalex.org/W2376542923","https://openalex.org/W2377565980","https://openalex.org/W2372164924","https://openalex.org/W4380997004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,37,46,64,72,86,90,117,131,136,143,165,188,219,263,309,325,330,342,347,364,373,401,410,413,426,508,548,554],"early":[2],"1700\u2019s,":[3],"colleges":[4,41,87,134,242,264,367,393],"have":[5,42,243,270,375,423],"used":[6],"authority":[7,150,312,354,432],"figures":[8],"such":[9,185],"as":[10,142,174,186,308,483],"spiritual":[11],"leaders,":[12],"tutors,":[13],"faculty":[14],"members,":[15],"and":[16,25,53,59,76,83,193,196,233,256,265,357,368,440,459,471,489,505,531,539,546],"campus":[17,51,138,157,172,177,214,249,267,298,317,335,352,369,389,430,475],"police":[18,158,178,268,353,370,390,398,431,461],"to":[19,44,92,94,102,182,213,248,273,340,384,400,409,467,474,523,541],"implement":[20],"systems":[21],"of":[22,123,164,230,261,277,287,345,350,397,404,412,428,465,498,550],"institutional":[23],"control":[24,52,124,199,387],"accountability":[26],"for":[27,70,77,119,382,502,507,536,545],"student":[28,114,405],"behavior":[29,115],"on":[30,125,152,222,313,442,478,516],"their":[31,266,395,479,499],"campuses.":[32,127,444],"Despite":[33],"these":[34],"efforts,":[35],"during":[36,553],"last":[38],"ten":[39],"generations,":[40],"struggled":[43],"find":[45],"appropriate":[47],"balance":[48],"between":[49],"college":[50,65,126,189,223,294,304,314,337,414,443,455,460,488,524,537],"educational":[54],"freedom":[55],"(Geiger,":[56],"2006).":[57],"Cohen":[58],"Kisker":[60],"(2010)":[61],"assert":[62],"that":[63,362,454,510],"life":[66],"system":[67,148,167],"was":[68],"designed":[69],"controlling":[71],"often":[73,100],"exuberant":[74],"youth":[75],"inculcating":[78],"within":[79],"them,":[80],"discipline,":[81],"morals,":[82],"character.":[84],"Ideally,":[85],"simply":[88],"wanted":[89],"students":[91],"aspire":[93],"higher":[95],"education,":[96],"but":[97,154],"immaturity":[98],"levels":[99],"contributed":[101],"students\u2019":[103],"delinquent":[104],"behaviors":[105],"(Cohen":[106],"&":[107,207,236,282],"Kisker,":[108],"2010).":[109],"This":[110,210,285],"recurring":[111],"tendency":[112],"in":[113,170,324,333,380,528,543],"precipitated":[116],"need":[118],"more":[120],"robust":[121],"measures":[122],"As":[128],"such,":[129],"by":[130,176,485],"1800\u2019s,":[132],"many":[133],"embraced":[135],"unsophisticated":[137],"policing":[139,215,220],"model":[140,221],"known":[141],"watchman":[144,147,166],"system.":[145],"The":[146],"enhanced":[149],"presence":[151],"campuses,":[153],"restricted":[155,181],"actual":[156],"enforcement":[159,202,421],"(Sloan,":[160,204,415],"1992).":[161],"Today,":[162,328],"remnants":[163],"still":[168],"exists":[169],"modern":[171],"policing,":[173],"indicated":[175],"officers":[179],"being":[180],"custodial":[183],"duties":[184],"protecting":[187],"from":[190,513],"fire,":[191],"water,":[192],"other":[194],"damage,":[195],"maintaining":[197],"social":[198],"with":[200,293],"limited":[201],"capabilities":[203],"1992;":[205,416],"Wilson":[206],"Wilson,":[208,237],"2011).":[209,238],"restrictive":[211],"approach":[212],"has":[216,289],"fundamentally":[217],"shaped":[218],"campuses":[224],"today":[225],"\u2013":[226],"reflecting":[227],"a":[228,321,446],"culture":[229],"perceived":[231],"complacency":[232],"amateurism":[234],"(Wilson":[235],"In":[239,301],"recent":[240],"years,":[241],"faced":[244],"numerous":[245],"unconventional":[246,521],"threats":[247,473,504,522],"safety":[250,476,525],"including:":[251],"radical":[252],"protests,":[253],"sexual":[254],"assaults":[255],"mass":[257],"shooting":[258],"attacks;":[259],"most":[260],"which":[262],"agencies":[269,371],"been":[271,291],"underprepared":[272],"handle":[274],"(U.S.":[275],"Department":[276],"Justice,":[278],"2005;":[279],"Karjane,":[280],"Fisher,":[281],"Cullen,":[283],"2005).":[284],"lack":[286],"preparedness":[288,439],"historically":[290],"associated":[292],"administrators\u2019":[295],"influence":[296],"over":[297,388],"security":[299,318],"policy.":[300],"Gelber":[302],"(1972),":[303],"presidents":[305,338],"were":[306,526,534],"identified":[307],"primary":[310],"policymaking":[311],"campuses;":[315],"while":[316],"offices":[319],"assumed":[320],"secondary":[322],"role":[323],"decision-making":[326],"process.":[327],"despite":[329],"unprecedented":[331],"increases":[332],"violent":[334],"crime,":[336],"continue":[339],"maintain":[341,385],"status":[343],"quo":[344],"reinforcing":[346],"historical":[348],"practice":[349,427],"restricting":[351],"through":[355],"policy":[356],"practice.":[358],"Sloan":[359],"(1992)":[360],"found":[361],"since":[363],"Mid-to-late":[365],"1960s,":[366],"across":[372],"country":[374],"remained":[376],"relatively":[377],"autonomous.":[378],"However,":[379,482],"order":[381],"administrators":[383],"authoritative":[386],"operations,":[391],"some":[392],"made":[394,535],"chief":[396],"accountable":[399],"vice":[402],"president":[403,411,458],"affairs":[406],"or":[407],"directly":[408],"Gelber,":[417],"1972).":[418],"Many":[419],"law":[420],"practitioners":[422],"widely":[424],"criticized":[425],"hedging":[429],"because":[433],"it":[434],"acrimoniously":[435],"impacts":[436],"critical":[437,468,551],"incident":[438,469],"response":[441],"From":[445],"practical":[447,532],"standpoint,":[448],"there":[449],"is":[450],"insufficient":[451],"evidence":[452],"indicating":[453],"leaders":[456,491,538],"(college":[457],"chiefs)":[462],"are":[463],"risk-conscious":[464],"impediments":[466],"management":[470],"emergent":[472,520],"based":[477],"past":[480],"experiences.":[481],"suggested":[484],"Whitfield":[486],"(2004),":[487],"university":[490],"can":[492,511],"no":[493],"longer":[494],"avoid":[495],"looking":[496],"outside":[497],"internal":[500],"walls":[501],"impending":[503],"preparing":[506,544],"problems":[509],"result":[512],"them.":[514],"Based":[515],"this":[517,529],"premise,":[518],"several":[519],"presented":[527],"study":[530],"recommendations":[533],"politicians":[540],"consider":[542],"mitigating":[547],"outcomes":[549],"incidents":[552],"Mass-shooting":[555],"Era.":[556]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2017-06-30T00:00:00"}