{"id":"https://openalex.org/W263999786","doi":null,"title":"German Pension Policies: The Transformation of a Defined Benefit System into ... What?","display_name":"German Pension Policies: The Transformation of a Defined Benefit System into ... What?","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W263999786","mag":"263999786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:263999786","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-243454446/german-pension-policies-the-transformation-of-a-defined","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764982830","display_name":"German policy studies/Politikfeldanalyse","issn_l":"1523-9764","issn":["1523-9764"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"German policy studies/Politikfeldanalyse","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054920007","display_name":"Friedbert W. R\u00fcb","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Friedbert W. R\u00fcb","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072317667","display_name":"Wolfram Lamping","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfram Lamping","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7894,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91399045,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"143","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","score":0.7846999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","score":0.7846999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.10459999740123749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10443","display_name":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","score":0.07569999992847443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-pension-system","display_name":"German pension system","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retirement-age","display_name":"retirement age","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-retirement","display_name":"early retirement","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defined-benefit-pension-plans","display_name":"defined benefit pensions","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pension-reform","display_name":"pension reform","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-force-participation-of-older-workers","display_name":"labor force participation of older workers","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pension-reduction","display_name":"pension reduction","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-security-act","display_name":"Social Security Act","score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/germany","display_name":"Germany","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-democratic-party","display_name":"Social Democratic Party","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-unions","display_name":"trade unions","score":0.8230000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780899237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156223","display_name":"Pension","level":2,"score":0.7535630464553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777288899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413228","display_name":"Retirement age","level":3,"score":0.7054159045219421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781096511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11104487","display_name":"Mandatory retirement","level":2,"score":0.676534116268158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.624098002910614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.573625922203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5390915274620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281228","display_name":"Disadvantage","level":2,"score":0.5118629336357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5066621899604797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5032691359519958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.483364999294281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993334571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313827","display_name":"German government","level":3,"score":0.4475265443325043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1819324493408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.09917858242988586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:263999786","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-243454446/german-pension-policies-the-transformation-of-a-defined","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764982830","display_name":"German policy studies/Politikfeldanalyse","issn_l":"1523-9764","issn":["1523-9764"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"German policy studies/Politikfeldanalyse","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W659502002","https://openalex.org/W1542346413","https://openalex.org/W1600107044","https://openalex.org/W1616538352","https://openalex.org/W1675572950","https://openalex.org/W1938240671","https://openalex.org/W1975742378","https://openalex.org/W1984759364","https://openalex.org/W1985868486","https://openalex.org/W2003539063","https://openalex.org/W2032473852","https://openalex.org/W2041946752","https://openalex.org/W2052772295","https://openalex.org/W2077591435","https://openalex.org/W2089143417","https://openalex.org/W2098604079","https://openalex.org/W2099176175","https://openalex.org/W2108946685","https://openalex.org/W2125158172","https://openalex.org/W2239743130","https://openalex.org/W2271211209","https://openalex.org/W2399642696","https://openalex.org/W2622508563"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3165108202","https://openalex.org/W1606346775","https://openalex.org/W391413313","https://openalex.org/W100761810","https://openalex.org/W1533235657","https://openalex.org/W2127323056","https://openalex.org/W2794336327","https://openalex.org/W7202190848","https://openalex.org/W2154976016","https://openalex.org/W3123268936"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"1":[0,255],"Changes":[1,6],"in":[2,7,36,86,119,248,287,331,340,350,355,404,455,462,470,516,557,573,581,585],"the":[3,8,19,22,25,31,51,78,87,90,95,101,120,123,128,153,163,172,193,225,230,238,260,264,267,275,288,293,298,315,319,323,332,345,356,368,375,378,381,396,407,414,418,422,427,432,438,442,448,456,464,471,477,488,496,501,562,565,569,582,588,606,611,614,619,634,637,659,665,668],"Retirement":[4],"Age":[5],"retirement":[9,27,70,80,97,130,145,232,276,299,320,357,393,465,583,591,608],"age":[10,28,98,131,233,277,300,321,346,358,466],"add":[11],"up":[12],"to":[13,45,49,93,112,126,141,180,190,273,281,365,367,371,436,451,458,500,513,518,528,531,542,600,650],"very":[14,207,594],"important":[15,34,84,117,595],"changes":[16,369],"concerning,":[17],"on":[18,30,254,561,658],"one":[20,305],"hand,":[21,33],"raising":[23],"of":[24,39,74,162,166,175,184,210,214,220,227,240,296,325,347,380,426,473,479,498,553,564,568,610,636,641,661],"mandatory":[26,79,231],"and,":[29,484],"other":[32],"reductions":[35,397],"pensions":[37,491,546],"because":[38,507],"early":[40,69,242,392,590,607,627,652],"retirement.":[41,243,628],"Both":[42],"are":[43,223,467,526],"intended":[44],"stop":[46],"and":[47,108,137,147,250,266,291,309,370,391,416,424,613,621,667],"also":[48,412],"change":[50,452,580],"incentives":[52,512],"for":[53,60,68,99,105,132,152,327,362,377,490,536,597,626],"having":[54],"a":[55,72,160,181,206,486,551,578,593],"low":[56],"labor":[57,533],"force":[58,253,447],"participation":[59],"older":[61,537,603],"workers.":[62],"The":[63,217,244,460,629],"German":[64],"pension":[65,164,183,194,480,502,520,570,612],"system":[66,503],"allows":[67],"within":[71,406,413],"period":[73,174],"36":[75,176],"months":[76],"before":[77],"age.":[81],"During":[82,115,587],"some":[83,116],"reforms":[85,118],"late":[88,121],"1980s,":[89,122],"government":[91,124],"started":[92,125,435],"increase":[94,127,196],"regular":[96,129],"women,":[100,133],"unemployed,":[102,134],"those":[103,329],"insured":[104,136],"long":[106,135],"periods":[107],"severely":[109,138],"handicapped":[110,139],"persons":[111,140],"65":[113,142,280],"years.":[114,143],"Early":[144],"was":[146,157,246,592,631],"still":[148,389],"is":[149,482],"possible,":[150],"but":[151,411,654],"first":[154],"time":[155],"it":[156,178,360,656],"coupled":[158],"with":[159,292,633],"reduction":[161],"level":[165],"0.3":[167],"percent":[168,199],"per":[169,200,307,310],"month.":[170,201],"Using":[171],"maximum":[173,552],"months,":[177],"amounts":[179],"diminished":[182],"10.3":[185,554],"percent.":[186],"If":[187],"workers":[188,538,604],"decide":[189,541],"work":[191,343,514],"longer,":[192],"will":[195,234,301,318,387,446,492,504,510,547],"by":[197,304,314,395,441,550],"0.5":[198],"However,":[202],"at":[203],"present":[204],"only":[205],"small":[208],"number":[209,497],"pensioners":[211,364,509,525],"make":[212,359],"use":[213],"that":[215,337],"option.":[216],"incentive":[218],"structures":[219],"these":[221,352,575],"regulations":[222,609],"clear:":[224],"advantage":[226],"working":[228,383],"beyond":[229],"be":[235,284,302,388,493,505,548],"greater":[236,474],"than":[237],"disadvantage":[239],"taking":[241],"law":[245],"enacted":[247],"1989":[249],"came":[251],"into":[252],"January":[256],"1992.":[257],"In":[258,617],"2007,":[259],"grand":[261],"coalition":[262],"between":[263,664],"CDU":[265],"SPD":[268],"under":[269],"Chancellor":[270],"Merkel":[271],"decided":[272],"raise":[274],"again":[278],"from":[279],"67.":[282],"To":[283],"clear,":[285],"starting":[286],"year":[289,295,308,316,333],"2012":[290],"birth":[294,311],"1947,":[297],"increased":[303],"month":[306],"year.":[312],"Only":[313],"2029":[317],"reach":[322],"target":[324],"67":[326],"all":[328],"born":[330,339],"1964.":[334],"That":[335],"means":[336],"people":[338],"1958":[341],"must":[342],"until":[344],"66.":[348],"All":[349,572],"all,":[351,574],"gradual":[353],"increases":[354],"possible":[361],"future":[363,508],"adjust":[366],"become":[372],"clear":[373],"about":[374],"consequences":[376],"course":[379],"individual's":[382],"life.":[384],"Working":[385],"longer":[386,515],"fostered":[390],"discouraged":[394],"mentioned":[398],"above.":[399],"A":[400],"heated":[401],"debate":[402],"set":[403],"mainly":[405],"Social":[408,428],"Democratic":[409,429],"Party,":[410,430],"unions":[415,423,620,666],"among":[417],"general":[419],"public,":[420],"while":[421],"parts":[425],"primarily":[431],"leftist":[433],"wing,":[434],"protest":[437],"measures":[439,576,648],"taken":[440],"government.":[443],"This,":[444],"perhaps,":[445],"party":[449],"leadership":[450],"their":[453,545],"position":[454],"years":[457],"come.":[459],"intentions":[461],"increasing":[463],"clear.":[468],"Firstly,":[469],"face":[472],"life":[475],"expectancy,":[476],"duration":[478],"payments":[481],"reduced":[483],"as":[485],"consequence,":[487],"expenditures":[489],"diminished.":[494],"Secondly,":[495],"contributors":[499],"higher":[506],"have":[511],"order":[517],"avoid":[519],"reductions.":[521],"And":[522],"thirdly,":[523],"if":[524],"forced":[527],"retire":[529],"due":[530],"bad":[532],"market":[534],"conditions":[535],"or":[539],"simply":[540],"do":[543],"so,":[544],"lowered":[549],"percent,":[555],"which":[556,644],"turn":[558],"cuts":[559],"down":[560],"costs":[563],"expenditure":[566],"side":[567],"system.":[571],"mark":[577],"decisive":[579],"policies":[584],"Germany.":[586],"80s,":[589],"method":[596],"large":[598],"firms":[599],"lay":[601],"off":[602],"using":[605],"unemployment":[615],"systems.":[616],"addition,":[618],"big":[622],"enterprises":[623],"negotiated":[624],"contracts":[625],"situation":[630],"exacerbated":[632],"introduction":[635],"so-called":[638],"PreRetirement":[639],"Act":[640],"1984":[642],"(Vorruhestandsgesetz)":[643],"contained":[645],"several":[646],"new":[647],"designed":[649],"promote":[651],"retirement,":[653],"made":[655],"contingent":[657],"existence":[660],"industrial":[662],"agreements":[663],"employers'":[669],"organizations.":[670],"\u2026":[671]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-10-10T17:16:08.811792","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
