{"id":"https://openalex.org/W26319725","doi":null,"title":"Zinc, iron, and magnesium status in athletes--influence on the regulation of exercise-induced stress and immune function.","display_name":"Zinc, iron, and magnesium status in athletes--influence on the regulation of exercise-induced stress and immune function.","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W26319725","mag":"26319725","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9644092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:9644092","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9644092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Exercise immunology review","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047651473","display_name":"Daniel K\u00f6nig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4104-4013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4104-4013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240073","display_name":"University Medical Center Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzbgh69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D K\u00f6nig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Rehabilitation, Prevention and Sports Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Rehabilitation, Prevention and Sports Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076363229","display_name":"Christof Weinstock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9739-8948","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9739-8948"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C Weinstock","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113191074","display_name":"J. Keul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0670-7357","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0670-7357"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Keul","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108531625","display_name":"Hinnak Northoff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H Northoff","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007565734","display_name":"Aloys Berg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6794-9494","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6794-9494"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Berg","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7554,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81895202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"2","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11585","display_name":"Exercise and Physiological Responses","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11585","display_name":"Exercise and Physiological Responses","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10915","display_name":"Trace Elements in Health","score":0.03200000151991844,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10452","display_name":"Iron Metabolism and Disorders","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc","display_name":"zinc","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron","display_name":"iron","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnesium","display_name":"magnesium","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace-elements","display_name":"trace elements","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/athletes","display_name":"athletes","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-induced-stress","display_name":"exercise-induced stress","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-immunosuppression","display_name":"exercise immunosuppression","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-function","display_name":"immune function","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/micronutrient-deficiency","display_name":"micronutrient deficiency","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-tolerance","display_name":"exercise tolerance","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cell-ratio","display_name":"T cell ratio","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-killer-cells","display_name":"natural killer cells","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokine-production","display_name":"cytokine production","score":0.6460000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.7925550937652588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5763202905654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778534509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334310","display_name":"Overtraining","level":3,"score":0.5403144359588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.5376869440078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14522933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531507","display_name":"Micronutrient","level":2,"score":0.5027616024017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777761686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q715347","display_name":"Lymphocyte","level":2,"score":0.4554474353790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.4360229969024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781054738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4813730","display_name":"Athletes","level":2,"score":0.43340176343917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186256576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058294","display_name":"Hormesis","level":3,"score":0.4319690763950348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780252810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455316","display_name":"Immunosuppression","level":2,"score":0.42934104800224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4124813973903656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71315377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364","display_name":"Hormone","level":2,"score":0.4110637903213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.37035614252090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.16832894086837769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.16440090537071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007107","descriptor_name":"Immune System","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007501","descriptor_name":"Iron","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008274","descriptor_name":"Magnesium","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009752","descriptor_name":"Nutritional Status","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013314","descriptor_name":"Stress, Mechanical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015032","descriptor_name":"Zinc","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:9644092","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9644092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Exercise immunology review","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:freidok.uni-freiburg.de:27791","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/27791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401057","display_name":"FreiDok plus (Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek Freiburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","host_organization_name":"University of Freiburg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Exercise Immunology Review. - 4 (1998) , 2 - 21","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:26319725","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9644092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40370966","https://openalex.org/W88849198","https://openalex.org/W941315032","https://openalex.org/W2027560230","https://openalex.org/W2050601760","https://openalex.org/W2075192554","https://openalex.org/W2083055267","https://openalex.org/W2108435476","https://openalex.org/W2135044714","https://openalex.org/W2148421242","https://openalex.org/W2166468733","https://openalex.org/W2327370579","https://openalex.org/W2401065561","https://openalex.org/W2412497561"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386749374","https://openalex.org/W133900987","https://openalex.org/W2067090367","https://openalex.org/W2052827651","https://openalex.org/W2276182213","https://openalex.org/W2026620692","https://openalex.org/W240130217","https://openalex.org/W3175560701","https://openalex.org/W2377965335","https://openalex.org/W2002609277"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intense":[0],"physical":[1],"exercise":[2,21,102,198],"has":[3,22,69,104],"been":[4,23,70,105,112],"shown":[5,113],"to":[6,25,65,96,114,117,214],"be":[7,115],"associated":[8],"with":[9,77,98],"immunosuppression":[10],"and":[11,40,45,83,93,100,120,128,131,145,149,162,170,182,187,200,217],"increased":[12],"rate":[13],"of":[14,19,34,47,90,140,154,164,191],"infection.":[15],"The":[16,79],"immunosuppressive":[17],"effect":[18],"exhaustive":[20],"attributed":[24],"a":[26],"reduced":[27],"helper/suppressor":[28],"T-cell":[29],"ratio,":[30],"low":[31],"salivary":[32],"levels":[33],"immunoglobulin-A,":[35],"decreased":[36,138],"lymphocyte":[37],"proliferative":[38],"response":[39],"natural":[41],"killer":[42],"cell":[43,118],"activity,":[44,126],"elevation":[46],"stress":[48,103,216],"hormones.":[49],"Yet":[50],"some":[51],"athletes":[52,186],"can":[53],"withstand":[54],"intense":[55],"training":[56,148],"periods":[57],"without":[58],"health":[59],"problems":[60],"while":[61],"others":[62],"are":[63,85,212],"prone":[64],"infections.":[66],"Thus":[67],"it":[68],"postulated":[71],"that":[72,81],"other":[73],"factors":[74],"may":[75],"interfere":[76],"immunoregulation.":[78],"notion":[80],"macro-":[82],"micronutrients":[84],"involved":[86],"in":[87,143,185,193],"the":[88,94,152,160,166,177,189],"regulation":[89],"immunological":[91],"processes":[92],"ability":[95],"cope":[97],"muscular":[99],"systemic":[101],"gaining":[106],"attention.":[107],"Particularly":[108],"trace":[109,141,195],"elements":[110,142,196,204],"have":[111,136],"related":[116,213],"mediated":[119],"humoral":[121],"immunity":[122],"such":[123],"as":[124],"NK-cell":[125],"T-":[127],"B-cell":[129],"functions,":[130],"cytokine":[132],"release.":[133],"Many":[134],"investigations":[135],"reported":[137],"concentrations":[139],"blood":[144],"tissues":[146],"after":[147],"competition.":[150],"However,":[151],"magnitude":[153],"losses":[155],"is":[156,209],"highly":[157],"dependent":[158],"on":[159,179],"type":[161],"intensity":[163],"exercise,":[165],"individual":[167],"regulatory":[168],"state,":[169],"most":[171],"important,":[172],"nutrition.":[173],"This":[174],"paper":[175],"reviews":[176],"data":[178],"zinc,":[180],"iron,":[181],"magnesium":[183],"status":[184],"summarizes":[188],"consequences":[190],"deficiencies":[192],"these":[194],"regarding":[197],"tolerance":[199],"immune":[201,218],"function.":[202,219],"These":[203],"were":[205],"chosen":[206],"since":[207],"there":[208],"evidence":[210],"they":[211],"exercise-induced":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}