{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2626327563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.61","title":"Tropical Africa in the Global Economy","display_name":"Tropical Africa in the Global Economy","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2626327563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.61","mag":"2626327563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.61","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.61","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.61","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604760","display_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History","raw_type":"reference-entry"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143834445","display_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History"},"type":"reference-entry","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014828317","display_name":"Ralph A. Austen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ralph A Austen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of History, University of Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of History, University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014828317"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13000","display_name":"World Systems and Global Transformations","score":0.392300009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13000","display_name":"World Systems and Global Transformations","score":0.392300009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.301800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.07670000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-africa","display_name":"tropical Africa","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-economy","display_name":"global economy","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trans-saharan-trade","display_name":"trans-Saharan trade","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-ocean-trade","display_name":"Indian Ocean trade","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swahili-coast","display_name":"Swahili coast","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-merchants","display_name":"Islamic merchants","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slave-trade","display_name":"slave trade","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-colonialism","display_name":"European colonialism","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-infrastructure","display_name":"colonial infrastructure","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/railways","display_name":"railways","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-adjustment","display_name":"structural adjustment","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china-africa-trade","display_name":"China-Africa trade","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atlantic-trade","display_name":"Atlantic trade","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-history-of-africa","display_name":"African economic history","score":0.3499999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779913364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7838","display_name":"Swahili","level":2,"score":0.7432215213775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6485730409622192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.626550018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.5559984445571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985189572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1239","display_name":"Indian ocean","level":2,"score":0.5226014256477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775836275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3502310","display_name":"Dynamism","level":2,"score":0.4447421133518219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.441983699798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.3517563045024872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2403087317943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.22990140318870544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.19912269711494446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11047309637069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.61","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.61","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.61","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604760","display_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History","raw_type":"reference-entry"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210702945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403658791","https://openalex.org/W7213282767","https://openalex.org/W4389100188","https://openalex.org/W3216898628","https://openalex.org/W4388232049","https://openalex.org/W7139125711","https://openalex.org/W3096467893","https://openalex.org/W4240334595","https://openalex.org/W4406326081","https://openalex.org/W2489606289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Tropical":[1],"Africa":[2,56,120],"has":[3],"been":[4],"in":[5,54,82,188,192,206,272],"communication":[6],"with":[7,278,312],"the":[8,14,23,26,31,58,84,90,109,116,129,133,178,196,225,231,234,241,248,254,262,283,286,297],"global":[9,140,193,287],"economy":[10],"since":[11],"at":[12],"least":[13],"last":[15,255],"centuries":[16],"bce":[17],"through":[18],"either":[19,94],"land":[20],"travel":[21],"across":[22,75],"Sahara":[24],"to":[25,128,175,285,307],"Mediterranean":[27],"or":[28,97],"navigation":[29],"along":[30],"Indian":[32,59,130,171],"Ocean":[33,60,172],"coast.":[34],"Despite":[35],"recent":[36],"archaeological":[37],"research,":[38],"not":[39],"too":[40],"much":[41],"is":[42],"known":[43],"about":[44],"this":[45],"earliest":[46],"trade.":[47],"Only":[48],"after":[49],"Islam":[50],"was":[51],"firmly":[52],"established":[53,203],"North":[55],"and":[57,70,72,86,89,151,165,170,183,185,218,233,240,261,275],"do":[61],"we":[62],"have":[63],"evidence":[64],"of":[65,119,155,180,209,215,244,250,257,265,289],"significant":[66],"trade":[67],"(slaves,":[68],"gold,":[69,144],"ivory)":[71],"cultural":[73],"exchange":[74],"these":[76],"frontiers.":[77],"Entrep\u00f4t":[78],"cities":[79],"now":[80],"flourished":[81],"both":[83,273],"West":[85],"Central":[87],"Sudan":[88],"Swahili":[91],"coast,":[92],"where":[93],"camel":[95],"caravans":[96],"large":[98,153],"dhow":[99],"vessels":[100],"received":[101],"export":[102],"goods":[103],"from":[104,282],"indigenous":[105],"Muslim":[106,181],"merchants.":[107],"During":[108,296],"15th":[110],"century":[111,199,300],"European":[112,200],"navigators":[113],"opened":[114],"up":[115],"Atlantic":[117],"coast":[118],"as":[121,123,160],"well":[122],"a":[124,308],"direct":[125],"water":[126],"route":[127],"Ocean.":[131],"For":[132],"next":[134],"500":[135],"years":[136],"Europeans":[137],"dominated":[138],"Africa\u2019s":[139,168],"connections,":[141],"initially":[142],"seeking":[143],"then":[145],"slaves":[146],"for":[147],"New":[148],"World":[149],"plantations,":[150],"later":[152],"quantities":[154],"less":[156],"costly":[157],"commodities":[158],"such":[159,251],"vegetable":[161],"oils,":[162],"cocoa,":[163],"coffee,":[164],"cotton.":[166],"Initially":[167],"trans-Saharan":[169],"commerce":[173,229],"continued":[174],"operate":[176],"under":[177],"control":[179],"rulers":[182],"merchants":[184],"even":[186],"grew":[187],"volume,":[189],"although":[190],"declining":[191],"significance.":[194],"By":[195],"early":[197,298],"20th":[198],"powers":[201],"had":[202],"colonial":[204,245],"regimes":[205],"almost":[207],"all":[208],"tropical":[210],"Africa,":[211],"providing":[212],"new":[213,310],"infrastructures":[214],"political":[216,266],"administration":[217],"mechanized":[219],"transport":[220,246],"(mainly":[221],"railroads)":[222],"that":[223],"overcame":[224],"geographical":[226],"barriers":[227],"impeding":[228],"between":[230],"coasts":[232],"continent\u2019s":[235],"interiors.":[236],"However,":[237],"limited":[238],"capital":[239],"spatial":[242],"orientation":[243],"undermined":[247],"dynamism":[249],"advances.":[252],"In":[253],"stages":[256],"colonialism":[258],"(c.":[259],"1945\u20131960)":[260],"first":[263],"decades":[264],"independence,":[267],"greater":[268],"investments":[269],"were":[270],"made":[271],"infrastructure":[274],"industrialization":[276],"but":[277],"poor":[279],"results":[280],"leading,":[281],"1980s,":[284],"imposition":[288],"\u201cstructural":[290],"adjustment\u201d":[291],"policies":[292],"upon":[293],"African":[294,301],"states.":[295],"21st":[299],"economies":[302],"experienced":[303],"\u201cmiraculous\u201d":[304],"growth":[305],"linked":[306],"major":[309],"relationship":[311],"China.":[313]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2017-06-23T00:00:00"}
