{"id":"https://openalex.org/W262322422","doi":null,"title":"Validation of a Measure of Expatriate Stress: Findings from Multinational Entrepreneurial Health Care Service Organization Professionals","display_name":"Validation of a Measure of Expatriate Stress: Findings from Multinational Entrepreneurial Health Care Service Organization Professionals","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W262322422","mag":"262322422"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:262322422","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1178660721/validation-of-a-measure-of-expatriate-stress-findings","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764964828","display_name":"The Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship","issn_l":"1077-1158","issn":["1077-1158","2326-3709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021736187","display_name":"Shawn M. Carraher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0763-7699","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0763-7699"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shawn M. Carraher","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0763-7699","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026925511","display_name":"Sherry E. Sullivan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-2628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-2628"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherry E. Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-2628","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066169059","display_name":"Charles E. Carraher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-5964","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-5964"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles E. Carraher","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-5964","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06209287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"3","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10907","display_name":"International Student and Expatriate Challenges","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10907","display_name":"International Student and Expatriate Challenges","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12704","display_name":"Stress and Burnout Research","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11084","display_name":"Workplace Health and Well-being","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expatriate-stress","display_name":"expatriate stress","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-validation","display_name":"scale validation","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-structure","display_name":"factor structure","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stressful-life-events","display_name":"life events","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expatriate-managers","display_name":"expatriate managers","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinational-organizations","display_name":"multinational organizations","score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-family-balance","display_name":"work-family balance","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-stress","display_name":"occupational stress","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress-coping-strategies","display_name":"stress coping strategies","score":0.3499999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779056439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476713","display_name":"Expatriate","level":2,"score":0.9042462110519409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27400517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332278","display_name":"Absenteeism","level":2,"score":0.6030598878860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.47463974356651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158016649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726","display_name":"Multinational corporation","level":2,"score":0.4696252644062042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4353964924812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.4251415729522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.40010300278663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.38496726751327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2364397943019867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.22027331590652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.21795088052749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20296072959899902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18517163395881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:262322422","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1178660721/validation-of-a-measure-of-expatriate-stress-findings","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764964828","display_name":"The Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship","issn_l":"1077-1158","issn":["1077-1158","2326-3709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483651175","https://openalex.org/W2795043216","https://openalex.org/W4251890485","https://openalex.org/W4388539896","https://openalex.org/W3189779593","https://openalex.org/W4386501694","https://openalex.org/W3179731640","https://openalex.org/W2593530595","https://openalex.org/W2293192349","https://openalex.org/W7052440911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Executive":[0],"Summary":[1],"Using":[2],"a":[3,175,215,234,364,524,531,560],"sample":[4,525,561],"of":[5,22,27,37,49,59,64,89,97,100,108,125,132,158,179,191,229,237,244,249,252,310,319,487,497,502,512,520,526,547,556,562,581,591,596,607,632],"242":[6,563],"expatriates":[7,564],"working":[8,565],"in":[9,12,54,130,247,316,492,530,566,569],"thirty-one":[10],"countries":[11,568],"Africa,":[13,571],"South":[14,572],"America,":[15,573],"and":[16,135,138,160,203,209,226,242,263,278,281,296,325,330,337,347,352,356,360,370,375,379,386,395,401,407,415,419,424,430,439,445,448,451,574,587,612,624,640,645],"Asia,":[17],"we":[18,112,539,552,577],"examine":[19,553],"the":[20,35,44,57,65,98,106,156,164,223,240,250,317,340,482,495,518,521,536,542,545,579,597,629],"validity":[21,519],"Dick's":[23,101,508,554],"(1999,":[24,509],"2000)":[25,447,510],"measure":[26,511,522,555],"expatriate":[28,60,90,498,513,557],"stress.":[29],"Although":[30,469],"numerous":[31],"studies":[32,259],"have":[33,462],"examined":[34,43,464,481],"outcomes":[36,243],"stress,":[38,186,230,245,476,514],"relatively":[39,477],"little":[40,478],"research":[41,238,471,479,543,598],"has":[42,212,232,472,480,603],"most":[45,483],"commonly":[46,484],"used":[47,485,604],"measures":[48,486],"stressful":[50,272,290,466,488,548,600],"life":[51,253,273,286,467,489,549,601,633],"events,":[52,313,490],"especially":[53,246,491],"regards":[55,493],"to":[56,73,127,163,169,185,196,344,494,506,627],"stress":[58,91,110,126,149,214,256,496,558,586,634],"managers.":[61,499],"While":[62],"three":[63],"eight":[66],"dimensions":[67,88],"suggested":[68],"by":[69,516],"Dick":[70],"were":[71],"similar":[72],"our":[74,76,582],"findings,":[75],"factor":[77],"analysis":[78],"results":[79,583],"suggest":[80,113,270],"that":[81,122,148,271],"there":[82,231],"are":[83],"7":[84],"rather":[85],"than":[86],"8":[87],"for":[92,116,584],"this":[93,503],"instrument.":[94],"In":[95,535],"light":[96],"newness":[99],"measurement":[102,546],"as":[103,105,200,465],"well":[104],"lack":[107],"cross-cultural":[109],"research,":[111],"several":[114],"areas":[115],"future":[117,585],"research.":[118,589],"It":[119],"is":[120,142,161,288,505,637],"estimated":[121],"annual":[123,165],"costs":[124,150,157,228],"U.S.":[128,206],"industry":[129,166],"terms":[131,248],"reduced":[133],"productivity,":[134],"increased":[136],"absenteeism":[137],"workers":[139],"compensation":[140],"payments":[141],"$300":[143],"billion.":[144],"The":[145,205,500,605,616],"UK":[146],"reports":[147],"their":[151],"economy":[152],"many":[153],"times":[154],"more":[155],"strikes":[159],"equal":[162],"losses":[167],"due":[168,184],"theft,":[170],"or":[171,615],"about":[172],"$8":[173],"billion":[174],"year.":[176],"Forty-three":[177],"percent":[178],"adults":[180],"suffer":[181],"health":[182],"problems":[183],"with":[187,523],"at":[188],"least":[189],"75%":[190],"physician":[192],"office":[193],"visits":[194],"devoted":[195],"stress-related":[197],"illnesses":[198,280],"such":[199],"heart":[201],"disease":[202],"accidents.":[204],"Occupational":[207],"Safety":[208],"Health":[210],"Administration":[211],"declared":[213],"workplace":[216],"hazard":[217],"(APA,":[218],"1997;":[219,265,267,368,436,453,642],"UKNWSN,":[220],"2002).":[221],"Given":[222],"serious":[224],"economic":[225],"personal":[227],"been":[233,463,473],"great":[235],"amount":[236,631],"on":[239,255,475,544,599],"causes":[241,293],"impact":[251],"events":[254,274,602],"levels.":[257],"Numerous":[258],"(Curtis,":[260],"1995;":[261],"Drummond":[262],"Hewson-Bower,":[264],"Hardie,":[266],"London,":[268,435],"1997)":[269],"can":[275],"cause":[276],"physical":[277],"psychological":[279],"decrease":[282],"employee":[283],"performance.":[284],"A":[285],"event":[287],"considered":[289],"if":[291],"it":[292],"changes":[294,315,399],"in,":[295],"demands":[297],"readjustment":[298],"of,":[299],"an":[300,635],"average":[301],"person's":[302],"normal":[303],"routine":[304],"(Kobasa,":[305],"1979,":[306],"p.2).":[307],"Many":[308],"types":[309],"work":[311,345],"related":[312],"including":[314],"balance":[318],"work/family":[320],"roles":[321],"(Burke,":[322],"2001;":[323,327,388,434,455,457,459],"Fu":[324],"Shaffer,":[326,391],"Lewis,":[328,446],"Kagan,":[329],"Heaton,":[331],"2000;":[332,349,354,390,413],"Sullivan,":[333],"1992;":[334],"Walls,":[335],"Capella,":[336],"Greene,":[338],"2001),":[339,409],"transition":[341],"from":[342],"school":[343],"(Bagnall":[346],"Baldaccino,":[348],"Crowson,":[350],"Wong,":[351],"Aypay,":[353],"Evers":[355],"Rush,":[357],"1996;":[358,403],"Worthington":[359],"Juntunen,":[361],"1997),":[362],"taking":[363],"new":[365],"job":[366,398,427,442],"(London,":[367],"Nelson":[369],"Sutton,":[371],"1990),":[372],"discrimination,":[373],"stereotyping":[374],"social":[376],"isolation":[377],"(Dussault":[378],"Deaudelin,":[380],"1999;":[381],"Murry,":[382],"Brown,":[383],"Brody,":[384],"Cutrona,":[385],"Simons,":[387],"Price,":[389],"Joplin,":[392],"Bell,":[393],"Lau,":[394],"Oguz,":[396],"2000),":[397],"(Estes":[400],"Glass,":[402],"Shaffera,":[404],"Harrison,":[405],"Gilley,":[406],"Luka,":[408],"career":[410],"plateauing":[411],"(Duffy,":[412],"Elsass":[414],"Ralston,":[416],"1989;":[417],"Feldman":[418],"Weitz,":[420],"1988;":[421],"Lemire,":[422],"Saba,":[423],"Gagnon,":[425],"1999),":[426],"loss":[428],"(Donnelly":[429],"Scholarios,":[431],"1998;":[432],"Leonard-Wilkerson,":[433],"Spera,":[437],"Buhrfeind,":[438],"Pennebaker,":[440],"1994)":[441],"insecurity":[443],"(Smithson":[444],"retirement":[449],"(Braine":[450],"Glover,":[452],"Budros,":[454],"Marshall,":[456],"Potts,":[458],"Wheaton,":[460],"1990)":[461],"events.":[468,550],"much":[470],"completed":[474],"purpose":[501],"paper":[504],"investigate":[507],"specifically":[515],"examining":[517],"healthcare":[527],"professionals":[528],"employed":[529],"multinational":[532],"entrepreneurial":[533],"organization.":[534],"next":[537],"section,":[538],"briefly":[540],"review":[541],"Next,":[551],"using":[559],"31":[567],"central":[570],"Asia.":[575],"Finally,":[576],"discuss":[578],"implications":[580],"international":[588],"Measures":[590],"Stressful":[592],"Life":[593,609],"Events":[594],"Most":[595],"Schedule":[606],"Recent":[608],"Experiences,":[610],"(Holmes":[611],"Rahe,":[613,641],"1967)":[614],"Social":[617],"Readjustment":[618],"Rating":[619],"Scale":[620],"(Rahe,":[621],"Lundberg,":[622],"Theorell":[623],"Bennett,":[625],"1971)":[626],"determine":[628],"total":[630],"individual":[636],"experiencing":[638],"(Miller":[639],"Scully,":[643],"Tosi,":[644],"Banning,":[646],"2000).":[647],"\u2026":[648]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}