{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2621762812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","title":"Performance of Anthill Soil Replaced Concrete in Sulfate Solutions","display_name":"Performance of Anthill Soil Replaced Concrete in Sulfate Solutions","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2621762812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","mag":"2621762812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199137","display_name":"European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research","issn_l":"2506-8016","issn":["2506-8016","2736-576X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110312743","display_name":"John M. Z. Kamau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4728-6822","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4728-6822"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28257850","display_name":"London South Bank University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vwnat91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28257850"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84027002","display_name":"Leeds Beckett University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xsh5r57","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Kamau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England","Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK","Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK. He is now with London South Bank University, London, England, UK","Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK. He is now with London South Bank University, London, England, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28257850","https://openalex.org/I84027002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110718896","display_name":"Ash Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7665-4420","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7665-4420"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84027002","display_name":"Leeds Beckett University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xsh5r57","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ash Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Lecturer in Materials Science \r\nSchool of the Built Environment & Engineering\r\nLeeds Beckett University \r\nCivic Quarter \r\nNorthern Terrace \r\nLeeds \r\nLS2 8AG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Lecturer in Materials Science \r\nSchool of the Built Environment & Engineering\r\nLeeds Beckett University \r\nCivic Quarter \r\nNorthern Terrace \r\nLeeds \r\nLS2 8AG","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015515371","display_name":"Paul Hirst","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28257850","display_name":"London South Bank University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vwnat91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28257850"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84027002","display_name":"Leeds Beckett University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xsh5r57","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Hirst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England","Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK","Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK. He is now with London South Bank University, London, England, UK","Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK. He is now with London South Bank University, London, England, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28257850","https://openalex.org/I84027002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014164985","display_name":"Joseph Kangwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5820-5146","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5820-5146"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28257850","display_name":"London South Bank University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vwnat91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28257850"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84027002","display_name":"Leeds Beckett University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xsh5r57","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Kangwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England","Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK","Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK. He is now with London South Bank University, London, England, UK","Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK. He is now with London South Bank University, London, England, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28257850","https://openalex.org/I84027002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Group. Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5247,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68031789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"5","first_page":"50","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9154999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9154999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11850","display_name":"Concrete Corrosion and Durability","score":0.020099999383091927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11643","display_name":"Building materials and conservation","score":0.012199999764561653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-durability","display_name":"concrete durability","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sulfate-attack","display_name":"sulfate attack","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sodium-sulfate","display_name":"sodium sulfate","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnesium-sulfate","display_name":"magnesium sulfate","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supplementary-cementitious-materials","display_name":"supplementary cementitious materials","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"compressive strength","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-degradation","display_name":"surface degradation","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elongation","display_name":"elongation","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement-replacement","display_name":"cement replacement","score":0.5680000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778343803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172290","display_name":"Sulfate","level":2,"score":0.7689090967178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.7454508543014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77835500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694124","display_name":"Pozzolan","level":4,"score":0.7036282420158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.6866779327392578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104304963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5316114","display_name":"Durability","level":2,"score":0.6860166192054749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779666059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cementitious","level":3,"score":0.6716746091842651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777544482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211737","display_name":"Sodium sulfate","level":3,"score":0.6669464707374573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5619131326675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33947775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271439","display_name":"Elongation","level":3,"score":0.5549173355102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.5249238610267639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543218039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660","display_name":"Magnesium","level":2,"score":0.5103845000267029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112950240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76005","display_name":"Ultimate tensile strength","level":2,"score":0.4774090051651001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.2764943838119507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537181965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658","display_name":"Sodium","level":2,"score":0.21419182419776917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.08238902688026428}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199137","display_name":"European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research","issn_l":"2506-8016","issn":["2506-8016","2736-576X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.24018/ejers.2017.2.5.351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.5.351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.5.351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199137","display_name":"European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research","issn_l":"2506-8016","issn":["2506-8016","2736-576X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchopen.lsbu.ac.uk:1025","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://researchopen.lsbu.ac.uk/1025/1/351-1484-1-PB%20performance%20of%20anthill%20soil%20replacement.pdf","pdf_url":"http://researchopen.lsbu.ac.uk/1025/1/351-1484-1-PB%20performance%20of%20anthill%20soil%20replacement.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401135","display_name":"Research Open (London South Bank University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28257850","host_organization_name":"London South Bank University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28257850"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch.lsbu.ac.uk:86z4q","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.5.351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401135","display_name":"Research Open (London South Bank University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28257850","host_organization_name":"London South Bank University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28257850"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.5.351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199137","display_name":"European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research","issn_l":"2506-8016","issn":["2506-8016","2736-576X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028704342","https://openalex.org/W2038366853","https://openalex.org/W2048997292","https://openalex.org/W2076652418","https://openalex.org/W2079520486","https://openalex.org/W2140702371","https://openalex.org/W2259176370","https://openalex.org/W4229748688","https://openalex.org/W4232666117","https://openalex.org/W4250098901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2754287156","https://openalex.org/W1982384448","https://openalex.org/W7212083863","https://openalex.org/W2381274446","https://openalex.org/W2003066052","https://openalex.org/W3039430222","https://openalex.org/W2385848185","https://openalex.org/W7151593400","https://openalex.org/W4414087369","https://openalex.org/W7127048671"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Durability":[0],"of":[1,12,31,47,50,52,75,83,92,99,124,147,158,225,232,243,252,260,270],"concrete":[2,38,84,105],"is":[3],"defined":[4],"as":[5,116,121],"its":[6,18,32,41],"ability":[7],"to":[8,16,28,39,79,103,115,168,250],"resist":[9],"any":[10],"form":[11,20],"deterioration,":[13],"allowing":[14],"it":[15,24],"retain":[17],"original":[19],"and":[21,108,143,149,176,200,203,222,227,262,278,281],"quality":[22],"after":[23],"has":[25],"been":[26],"exposed":[27],"the":[29,45,48,64,72,81,97,117,122,171,189,197,212,220,236,244,253,256,268],"environment":[30],"intended":[33],"use.":[34],"Sulfate":[35],"attack":[36],"causes":[37],"lose":[40],"compressive":[42,162],"strength":[43,163],"through":[44],"decomposition":[46],"products":[49],"hydration":[51],"cement.":[53],"Pozzolanic":[54],"reactions":[55],"from":[56,126],"Supplementary":[57],"Cementitious":[58],"Materials":[59],"(SCMs)":[60],"help":[61],"in":[62,85,136,196,208,219,235,255,276],"resisting":[63],"sodium":[65],"sulfate":[66,86,141,258],"(Na2SO4)":[67],"attack.":[68],"This":[69],"work":[70,169],"investigated":[71],"potential":[73,269],"use":[74],"Anthill":[76],"Soil":[77],"(AHS)":[78],"improve":[80],"performance":[82],"aggressive":[87],"environments.":[88,283],"An":[89],"AHS":[90,191,233,272],"replacement":[91,112],"30%":[93],"(per":[94],"cent)":[95],"by":[96],"weight":[98],"cement":[100],"was":[101,119,239,248],"used":[102,120,167],"make":[104],"test":[106],"bars":[107],"cubes.":[109],"The":[110,132,229,264],"0%":[111],"also":[113],"referred":[114],"control":[118,213,245,254],"point":[123],"reference":[125],"which":[127,165],"all":[128],"performances":[129],"were":[130,134,153,166,182,194],"measured.":[131],"specimens":[133,192,234,246],"immersed":[135,195],"5%":[137,139,144],"Na2SO4,":[138,198],"magnesium":[140],"(MgSO4),":[142],"mixed":[145,201,223,257,279],"solution":[146,238,259],"Na2SO4":[148,202,221,226,261,277,280],"MgSO4.":[150,228,263],"Elongation":[151],"measurements":[152],"taken":[154],"over":[155],"a":[156],"period":[157],"9":[159,186],"months,":[160],"whereas":[161],"tests,":[164],"out":[170,184],"Strength":[172],"Deterioration":[173],"Factors":[174],"(SDFs)":[175],"visual":[177],"observations":[178],"for":[179],"surface":[180,230],"deterioration":[181,231],"carried":[183],"at":[185],"months.":[187],"From":[188],"results,":[190],"that":[193,242,251],"MgSO4":[199,204,237,282],"solutions":[205,224],"performed":[206],"poorly":[207],"elongation":[209],"compared":[210],"with":[211,273],"specimens,":[214],"but":[215,247],"had":[216],"lower":[217],"SDFs":[218],"worse":[240],"than":[241],"similar":[249],"SDF":[265],"results":[266],"highlight":[267],"using":[271],"an":[274],"advantage":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2017-06-15T00:00:00"}
