{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2621050095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00345334.1986.11756990","title":"Defining the Technical Ladder","display_name":"Defining the Technical Ladder","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2621050095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00345334.1986.11756990","mag":"2621050095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00345334.1986.11756990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00345334.1986.11756990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00345334.1986.11756990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763442","display_name":"Research Management","issn_l":"0034-5334","issn":["0034-5334","2574-1497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064540087","display_name":"Robert E. Spear","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28304128","display_name":"Alcoa (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/003yb7p17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28304128"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert E. Spear","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alcoa Laboratories"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alcoa Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28304128"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109332154","display_name":"William E. Souder","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William E. Souder","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3518,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8672625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"5","first_page":"25","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.7397000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.7397000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12843","display_name":"Human Resource and Talent Management","score":0.16500000655651093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13580","display_name":"Management and Performance Evaluation","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/career-development","display_name":"career development","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-development","display_name":"professional development","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-careers","display_name":"scientific careers","score":0.5080000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3723580837249756}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00345334.1986.11756990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00345334.1986.11756990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00345334.1986.11756990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764763442","display_name":"Research Management","issn_l":"0034-5334","issn":["0034-5334","2574-1497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770197396","https://openalex.org/W2770943668","https://openalex.org/W4403640886"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2559779835","https://openalex.org/W4240358825","https://openalex.org/W2770530993","https://openalex.org/W2769179224","https://openalex.org/W4241644244","https://openalex.org/W2769973739","https://openalex.org/W2770843045","https://openalex.org/W2769701278","https://openalex.org/W3212779987","https://openalex.org/W4249566873"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2017-06-09T00:00:00"}
