{"id":"https://openalex.org/W262066085","doi":null,"title":"Light, Nearwork, and Visual Environment Risk Factors in Myopia","display_name":"Light, Nearwork, and Visual Environment Risk Factors in Myopia","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W262066085","mag":"262066085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt1bj5m20w","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1bj5m20w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035513810","display_name":"Amanda A. Alvarez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amanda A. Alvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035513810"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myopia","display_name":"myopia","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-risk-factors","display_name":"environmental risk factors","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-exposure","display_name":"light exposure","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outdoor-activities","display_name":"outdoor activities","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-myopia","display_name":"high myopia","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-error","display_name":"refractive error","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"eye tracking","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-mounted-eye-tracker","display_name":"head-mounted eye tracker","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation-distance","display_name":"fixation distance","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"convergence","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saccades","display_name":"saccades","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-blinking","display_name":"blinking","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"reading","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-eye-tracking","display_name":"mobile eye tracking","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodetectors","display_name":"photodetectors","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/questionnaire-validity","display_name":"questionnaire validity","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myopia-progression","display_name":"myopia progression","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-and-young-adults","display_name":"children and young adults","score":0.4779999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.6864638328552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781135284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470427","display_name":"Refractive error","level":3,"score":0.6635292768478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5475517511367798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170853661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193788","display_name":"Sunlight","level":2,"score":0.5391486287117004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2771230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4926699","display_name":"Blinding","level":3,"score":0.5122867822647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.4484809935092926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701","display_name":"Glaucoma","level":2,"score":0.44389209151268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781372952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visual impairment","level":2,"score":0.4244112968444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776148792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3041498","display_name":"Eye disease","level":2,"score":0.3425077795982361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.19795313477516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.12140604853630066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt1bj5m20w","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1bj5m20w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},{"id":"pmh:qt1bj5m20w","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1bj5m20w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Alvarez, Amanda Aleksandra. (2012). Light, Nearwork, and Visual Environment Risk Factors in Myopia. UC Berkeley: Vision Science. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1bj5m20w","raw_type":"dissertation"},{"id":"mag:262066085","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt1bj5m20w/qt1bj5m20w.pdf?t=mtfpua","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8371999859809875}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W986680840","https://openalex.org/W1503928918","https://openalex.org/W1508234866","https://openalex.org/W1515372247","https://openalex.org/W1964203356","https://openalex.org/W1964657188","https://openalex.org/W1972150890","https://openalex.org/W1973597083","https://openalex.org/W1976976085","https://openalex.org/W1983046758","https://openalex.org/W1989259302","https://openalex.org/W1995256200","https://openalex.org/W2001256485","https://openalex.org/W2008480543","https://openalex.org/W2011445062","https://openalex.org/W2012437522","https://openalex.org/W2015995736","https://openalex.org/W2021275965","https://openalex.org/W2033453785","https://openalex.org/W2044890462","https://openalex.org/W2048228565","https://openalex.org/W2050813770","https://openalex.org/W2051961090","https://openalex.org/W2052506770","https://openalex.org/W2052581726","https://openalex.org/W2067095492","https://openalex.org/W2071639338","https://openalex.org/W2103134052","https://openalex.org/W2114251539","https://openalex.org/W2137332430","https://openalex.org/W2612699459"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406641114","https://openalex.org/W4410090623","https://openalex.org/W2990112564","https://openalex.org/W4391217657","https://openalex.org/W6944112731","https://openalex.org/W2614967709","https://openalex.org/W7066624167","https://openalex.org/W7204994850","https://openalex.org/W4405087698","https://openalex.org/W4391387827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Myopia,":[0],"or":[1,37,188,228,320],"nearsightedness,":[2],"is":[3,22,66,79,260,451],"a":[4,80,331,366,461],"form":[5],"of":[6,54,71,108,127,142,168,215,225,290,317,356,369,376,397],"visual":[7,309,409],"impairment":[8],"in":[9,43,46,128,146,159,197,231,249,285,323,339,365,380,395,408,416,435,475],"which":[10],"distant":[11],"objects":[12],"appear":[13],"blurry":[14],"due":[15,123],"to":[16,24,41,52,118,124,174,186,191,265,279,348,432,453,480,484],"excessive":[17],"axial":[18],"eye":[19,177,343,357,386,421,466],"growth":[20,467],"that":[21,97,302,429,450],"mismatched":[23],"the":[25,125,140,201,213,216,256,261,268,336,353,413,447],"eye's":[26],"refractive":[27,38,238,454],"power.":[28],"This":[29,137,259,361],"condition,":[30],"though":[31],"treatable":[32],"with":[33,68,83,194,204,237,252,275],"spectacles,":[34],"contact":[35],"lenses,":[36],"surgery,":[39],"continues":[40],"increase":[42],"prevalence,":[44],"particularly":[45,112],"some":[47,396],"Asian":[48],"countries,":[49],"where":[50],"up":[51],"80-90%":[53],"young":[55,370],"people":[56],"and":[57,75,86,101,106,130,148,157,211,245,270,282,288,307,389,402,420,472],"students":[58],"are":[59,296,423,430],"myopic.":[60],"High":[61],"myopia":[62,90,196,292,417,436,486],"(<":[63],"-6.00":[64],"D)":[65],"associated":[67],"greater":[69],"risk":[70,110,144,293],"glaucoma,":[72],"retinal":[73],"detachment,":[74],"other":[76,308],"blinding":[77],"complications.Myopia":[78],"complex":[81],"disease":[82],"both":[84,267],"genetic":[85],"environmental":[87,109,143],"components.":[88],"Rising":[89],"prevalence":[91],"rates":[92],"have":[93,182],"mirrored":[94],"lifestyle":[95],"shifts":[96],"include":[98],"reduced":[99,195],"outdoor":[100,189,283],"light":[102,113,156,170,209,222,233,271,281],"exposure.":[103],"The":[104],"directionality":[105],"impact":[107],"factors,":[111],"exposure,":[114,223],"on":[115],"myopia,":[116,147],"continue":[117],"be":[119,172,192,349,433,460],"poorly":[120],"understood,":[121],"partly":[122],"lack":[126],"vivo":[129],"realtime":[131,324,354],"instruments":[132],"for":[133,153,334,352,426,468],"measuring":[134,318],"these":[135,246,398,405,440],"effects.":[136],"dissertation":[138],"examines":[139],"role":[141],"factors":[145],"introduces":[149],"two":[150,217],"new":[151,332,424],"methods":[152,273,316,441],"quantitatively":[154],"studying":[155,335],"nearwork":[158,414],"humans.":[160,340],"Evidence":[161],"from":[162,208],"animal":[163],"studies":[164,181],"suggests":[165],"short":[166],"bursts":[167],"bright":[169,232],"may":[171,411,459],"sufficient":[173],"retard":[175],"myopic":[176],"growth.":[178],"Recent":[179],"questionnaire-based":[180],"found":[183,392],"increased":[184],"exposure":[185],"sunlight":[187],"environments":[190],"correlated":[193,236],"children.":[198],"We":[199,372,391],"supplemented":[200],"questionnaire":[202,269],"approach":[203,333],"objectively":[205],"gathered":[206],"data":[207,278,445],"sensors,":[210],"compared":[212],"accuracy":[214],"approaches.":[218],"Maximum":[219],"intensity,":[220],"cumulative":[221],"frequency":[224],"intensity":[226],"change,":[227],"time":[229,242,253],"spent":[230,243],"were":[234,248],"not":[235],"error.":[239],"Subjects":[240],"overestimated":[241],"outdoors,":[244],"estimates":[247],"poor":[250],"agreement":[251],"reported":[254],"by":[255],"sensor":[257,272],"data.":[258],"first":[262],"multi-season":[263],"study":[264],"use":[266],"coupled":[274],"local":[276],"weather":[277],"investigate":[280],"effects":[284],"myopia.The":[286],"duration":[287],"degree":[289],"another":[291],"factor,":[294],"nearwork,":[295],"typically":[297],"estimated":[298],"retrospectively":[299],"through":[300],"questionnaires":[301],"assess":[303],"reading,":[304],"computer":[305],"use,":[306],"behaviors.":[310],"There":[311],"are,":[312],"however,":[313],"no":[314],"comprehensive":[315],"working":[319],"fixation":[321,383],"distance":[322],"during":[325],"natural":[326],"tasks.":[327],"Here":[328],"we":[329],"present":[330],"dioptric":[337],"environment":[338],"A":[341],"head-mounted":[342],"tracking":[344,422],"device":[345,362],"was":[346,363],"adapted":[347],"fully":[350],"mobile":[351],"measurement":[355],"movements,":[358,387],"including":[359],"convergence.":[360],"validated":[364],"small":[367],"sample":[368],"adults.":[371],"conducted":[373],"exploratory":[374],"analyses":[375],"possible":[377],"task-related":[378],"trends":[379],"fixational":[381],"behavior,":[382],"distance,":[384],"horizontal":[385],"blinks,":[388],"saccades.":[390],"large":[393],"differences":[394],"metrics":[399],"between":[400],"reading":[401],"walking":[403],"tasks;":[404],"task-dependent":[406],"changes":[407],"behavior":[410],"underlie":[412],"effect":[415],"progression.Light":[418],"sensing":[419],"techniques":[425],"quantifying":[427],"behaviors":[428],"thought":[431],"involved":[434],"development.":[437,456],"Unlike":[438],"questionnaires,":[439],"provide":[442],"realtime,":[443],"unbiased":[444],"at":[446],"temporal":[448],"resolution":[449],"relevant":[452],"error":[455],"Environmental":[457],"pressures":[458],"tipping":[462],"point":[463],"toward":[464],"pathological":[465],"genetically":[469],"susceptible":[470],"individuals,":[471],"further":[473],"work":[474],"this":[476],"vein":[477],"could":[478],"lead":[479],"simple":[481],"behavioral":[482],"interventions":[483],"curb":[485],"progression.":[487]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}