{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2620011291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279","title":"Physiological Signal-Based Method for Measurement of Pain Intensity","display_name":"Physiological Signal-Based Method for Measurement of Pain Intensity","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2620011291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279","mag":"2620011291","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28603478","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5445136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115201632","display_name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-453X","issn":["1662-453X","1662-4548"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024643801","display_name":"Yaqi Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8975-3847","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8975-3847"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142078773","display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ft6nj33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768281","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/03pcw1780","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768281"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaqi Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037953832","display_name":"Xingang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8194-1870","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8194-1870"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142078773","display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ft6nj33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768281","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/03pcw1780","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768281"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xingang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100439073","display_name":"Jianda Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9664-4534","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9664-4534"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142078773","display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ft6nj33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768281","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/03pcw1780","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768281"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianda Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768281"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102952702","display_name":"Yang Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5744-0563","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5744-0563"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800370534","display_name":"Sheng Jing Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0202bj006","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800370534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91656880","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/032d4f246","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91656880"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800370534","https://openalex.org/I91656880"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037953832"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768281"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":9.2026,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97847905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"279","last_page":"279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.7807999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.7807999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.11190000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.016599999740719795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-intensity-assessment","display_name":"pain intensity assessment","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-prediction","display_name":"pain prediction","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physiological-signals","display_name":"physiological signals","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-volume-pulse","display_name":"blood volume pulse","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrocardiography","display_name":"electrocardiogram","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-conductance","display_name":"skin conductance","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-stimulation","display_name":"electrical stimulation","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"feature selection","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-reduction","display_name":"feature reduction","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"genetic algorithm","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"principal component analysis","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"linear discriminant analysis","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-devices","display_name":"wearable devices","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-impairment","display_name":"cognitive impairment","score":0.5540000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6933523416519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6789429783821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6679394245147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6144348978996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5935848951339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5547555088996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5437906384468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5412201285362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5367499589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.4964779019355774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.47788774967193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4165912866592407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115201632","display_name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-453X","issn":["1662-453X","1662-4548"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4314396","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5445136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5445136","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5445136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:28603478","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28603478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in neuroscience","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e0396022355541049df66570d5d3a6c4","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e0396022355541049df66570d5d3a6c4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol 11 (2017)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2017.00279/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115201632","display_name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-453X","issn":["1662-453X","1662-4548"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9922999739646912,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4243412236","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"863 Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5170098271","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573340","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5472331423","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61273355","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326907","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5493507204","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61273355","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324301","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/032d4f246"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326907","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/03pcw1780"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335773","display_name":"National High-tech Research and Development Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335892","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2620011291.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2620011291.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W148502911","https://openalex.org/W260234364","https://openalex.org/W787879368","https://openalex.org/W1540095762","https://openalex.org/W1912166081","https://openalex.org/W1949888834","https://openalex.org/W1963543003","https://openalex.org/W1971331210","https://openalex.org/W1971828591","https://openalex.org/W1980301798","https://openalex.org/W1984067037","https://openalex.org/W1984961057","https://openalex.org/W1986438083","https://openalex.org/W1992061019","https://openalex.org/W1996089789","https://openalex.org/W1999923606","https://openalex.org/W2001760655","https://openalex.org/W2004812062","https://openalex.org/W2005516971","https://openalex.org/W2011661880","https://openalex.org/W2014157362","https://openalex.org/W2017221863","https://openalex.org/W2022925833","https://openalex.org/W2026423509","https://openalex.org/W2040519706","https://openalex.org/W2042041679","https://openalex.org/W2056196915","https://openalex.org/W2061222262","https://openalex.org/W2064373857","https://openalex.org/W2066984255","https://openalex.org/W2069082628","https://openalex.org/W2077368942","https://openalex.org/W2078578402","https://openalex.org/W2086732152","https://openalex.org/W2086803998","https://openalex.org/W2094825294","https://openalex.org/W2098615198","https://openalex.org/W2100253618","https://openalex.org/W2106053110","https://openalex.org/W2126570654","https://openalex.org/W2130556178","https://openalex.org/W2134652887","https://openalex.org/W2137042517","https://openalex.org/W2184502093","https://openalex.org/W2199162594","https://openalex.org/W2243223535","https://openalex.org/W2262015075","https://openalex.org/W2314785176","https://openalex.org/W2494271816","https://openalex.org/W2763148304","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6640174009","https://openalex.org/W6723524571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2162280610","https://openalex.org/W4408918578","https://openalex.org/W7221376154","https://openalex.org/W6991909937","https://openalex.org/W3182971338","https://openalex.org/W4411737581","https://openalex.org/W3094065870","https://openalex.org/W4229456104","https://openalex.org/W4367320832","https://openalex.org/W6981058332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,76,165,206],"standard":[1],"method":[2,50,195,207],"for":[3,17,184,219],"prediction":[4,79],"of":[5,10,68,82,97,115,139,181,203],"the":[6,39,177,193],"absence":[7],"and":[8,63,85,91,94,120,147,159,162,200],"presence":[9],"pain":[11,33,47,78,186,204],"has":[12],"long":[13],"been":[14],"self-report.":[15],"However,":[16],"patients":[18],"with":[19,133,176],"major":[20],"cognitive":[21],"or":[22],"communicative":[23],"impairments,":[24],"it":[25],"would":[26],"be":[27,209],"better":[28],"if":[29],"clinicians":[30],"could":[31],"quantify":[32],"without":[34],"having":[35],"to":[36,105,128,211],"rely":[37],"on":[38,52],"patient\u2019s":[40],"self-description.":[41],"Here,":[42],"we":[43],"present":[44],"a":[45,213],"newly":[46],"intensity":[48],"measurement":[49],"based":[51],"multiple":[53],"physiological":[54],"signals,":[55],"including":[56,155],"blood":[57],"volume":[58],"pulse":[59],"(BVP),":[60],"electrocardiogram":[61],"(ECG)":[62],"skin":[64],"conductance":[65],"(SC),":[66],"all":[67],"which":[69],"are":[70],"induced":[71],"by":[72],"external":[73],"electrical":[74],"stimulation.":[75],"proposed":[77,194],"system":[80],"consists":[81],"signal":[83],"acquisition":[84],"preprocessing,":[86],"feature":[87,89,92,118,124],"extraction,":[88],"selection":[90,119],"reduction,":[93],"three":[95],"types":[96,138],"pattern":[98],"classifiers.":[99],"Feature":[100],"extraction":[101],"phase":[102],"is":[103,217],"devised":[104],"extract":[106],"pain-related":[107],"characteristics":[108],"from":[109],"short-segment":[110],"signals.":[111],"A":[112],"hybrid":[113],"procedure":[114],"genetic":[116],"algorithm-based":[117],"principal":[121],"component":[122],"analysis-based":[123],"reduction":[125],"was":[126],"established":[127],"obtain":[129],"high-quality":[130],"features":[131],"combination":[132],"significant":[134],"discriminatory":[135],"information.":[136],"Three":[137],"classification":[140,169],"algorithms\u2014linear":[141],"discriminant":[142],"analysis,":[143],"k-nearest":[144],"neighbor":[145],"algorithm,":[146],"support":[148],"vector":[149],"machine\u2014are":[150],"adopted":[151],"during":[152],"various":[153],"scenarios,":[154],"multi-signal":[156],"scenario,":[157,161],"multi-subject":[158],"between-subject":[160],"multi-day":[163],"scenario.":[164],"classifiers":[166],"gave":[167],"correct":[168],"ratios":[170],"much":[171],"higher":[172],"than":[173],"chance":[174],"probability,":[175],"overall":[178],"average":[179],"accuracy":[180],"75%":[182],"above":[183],"four":[185],"intensity.":[187,205],"Our":[188],"experimental":[189],"results":[190],"demonstrate":[191],"that":[192,216],"can":[196],"provide":[197],"an":[198],"objective":[199],"quantitative":[201],"evaluation":[202],"might":[208],"used":[210],"develop":[212],"wearable":[214],"device":[215],"suitable":[218],"daily":[220],"use":[221],"in":[222],"clinical":[223],"settings.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2017-06-05T00:00:00"}