{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2617388317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17694515","title":"The Use of Language to Disempower: Two Related Studies of Women in Sri Lanka","display_name":"The Use of Language to Disempower: Two Related Studies of Women in Sri Lanka","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2617388317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17694515","mag":"2617388317"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0169796x17694515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17694515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17694515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202503905","display_name":"Journal of Developing Societies","issn_l":"0169-796X","issn":["0169-796X","1568-5225","1745-2546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Developing Societies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064968228","display_name":"Peter Hancock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6025-7068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6025-7068"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Hancock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edith Cowan University, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edith Cowan University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005799949","display_name":"Jonathan Georgiou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Georgiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edith Cowan University, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edith Cowan University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89454355,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13814","display_name":"Cultural and political discourse analysis","score":0.5249000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13814","display_name":"Cultural and political discourse analysis","score":0.5249000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12275","display_name":"Gender and Feminist Studies","score":0.1120000034570694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":0.037300001829862595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-empowerment","display_name":"women's empowerment","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disempowerment","display_name":"disempowerment","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-discourse","display_name":"negative discourse","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-processing-zones","display_name":"export processing zones","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-factory-workers","display_name":"female factory workers","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-discourse","display_name":"political discourse","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-liberalism","display_name":"economic liberalism","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/return-migration","display_name":"return migration","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humiliation","display_name":"humiliation","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sri-lanka","display_name":"Sri Lanka","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-and-power","display_name":"gender and power","score":0.34200000762939453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777816766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545779","display_name":"Pejorative","level":2,"score":0.7929163575172424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.58974289894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20555606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868575","display_name":"Empowerment","level":2,"score":0.564306914806366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5358226299285889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5199816823005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140688305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5885","display_name":"Tamil","level":2,"score":0.5125584602355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017649214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854","display_name":"Sri lanka","level":3,"score":0.4883675277233124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4218316078186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.41875123977661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.34409016370773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.27046576142311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09354385733604431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0169796x17694515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17694515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17694515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202503905","display_name":"Journal of Developing Societies","issn_l":"0169-796X","issn":["0169-796X","1568-5225","1745-2546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Developing Societies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.ecu.edu.au:ecuworkspost2013-3960","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/2955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400464","display_name":"Research Online (Edith Cowan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","host_organization_name":"Edith Cowan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research outputs 2014 to 2021","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:jodeso:v:33:y:2017:i:1:p:27-50","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0169796X17694515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5473999977111816}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6700000166893005}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W190437358","https://openalex.org/W1275698312","https://openalex.org/W1510663275","https://openalex.org/W1527116966","https://openalex.org/W1585893146","https://openalex.org/W1602642994","https://openalex.org/W1903427163","https://openalex.org/W1972209625","https://openalex.org/W2011923886","https://openalex.org/W2049518758","https://openalex.org/W2072387236","https://openalex.org/W2078179199","https://openalex.org/W2124402450","https://openalex.org/W2144885021","https://openalex.org/W2165958190","https://openalex.org/W2170026406","https://openalex.org/W2177299886","https://openalex.org/W2212647058","https://openalex.org/W2332797901","https://openalex.org/W3125581778","https://openalex.org/W4232369702","https://openalex.org/W4249151326","https://openalex.org/W4298486701"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W657232935","https://openalex.org/W630184693","https://openalex.org/W2091275559","https://openalex.org/W6988107991","https://openalex.org/W1606553982","https://openalex.org/W190437358","https://openalex.org/W1749033983","https://openalex.org/W2414839773","https://openalex.org/W2124402450","https://openalex.org/W2122773942"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,84,104,238,279],"rise":[1],"of":[2,12,112,135,153,160,250,262,274,296,314,326],"economic":[3],"liberalism":[4],"in":[5,8,26,41,56,73,101,219,240,277,299,304,328,339,347,367],"Sri":[6,74,102,173],"Lanka":[7,75],"the":[9,13,27,42,110,122,208,247,263,300,348],"latter":[10],"half":[11],"twentieth":[14],"century":[15],"has":[16],"generated":[17],"a":[18,52,128,186,191,216,272,324],"continuous,":[19],"powerful,":[20],"and":[21,31,44,60,68,96,114,143,163,213,254,303,306,351],"controversial":[22],"debate":[23],"about":[24],"women":[25,80,167,180,264],"workforce.":[28],"Local":[29],"politicians":[30],"powerful":[32],"societal":[33,290,305,358],"forces":[34],"have":[35],"used":[36,50,189],"discourse":[37,124,155],"to":[38,54,121,146,165,199,207,245,309],"display":[39],"power":[40,251],"media":[43],"wider":[45],"society.":[46],"Gender":[47],"issues":[48],"were":[49,243],"as":[51,133,138,158,183,200,271,287,323],"platform":[53],"engage":[55],"unrelated":[57],"political":[58,217,221,307],"agendas":[59],"criticize":[61],"export":[62],"processing":[63],"zones":[64,202,205],"(EPZs),":[65],"female":[66,69],"workers,":[67],"sexuality.":[70],"Our":[71,170],"research":[72,90],"sampled":[76],"more":[77],"than":[78,332],"4,000":[79],"over":[81],"14":[82],"years.":[83],"article":[85],"uses":[86],"data":[87],"from":[88,92,97,364],"two":[89],"studies":[91,105,242],"2008\u20132011":[93],"(Study":[94,99,149],"1)":[95,142],"2013\u20132014":[98],"2)":[100],"Lanka.":[103],"are":[106,181,196,228],"interrelated.":[107],"Each":[108],"analyse":[109],"levels":[111],"empowerment":[113,283],"disempowerment":[115,292],"experienced":[116,337],"by":[117,211,215],"women,":[118],"due":[119,206],"specifically":[120],"negative":[123,154,192,321,357],"they":[125],"faced":[126],"on":[127],"daily":[129],"basis":[130],"\u2013":[131],"both":[132,241],"part":[134],"their":[136,147,275,285,341,365],"life":[137],"EPZ":[139,175,310],"workers":[140,176],"(study":[141],"after":[144],"returning":[145,362],"villages":[148],"2).":[150],"Serious":[151],"pieces":[152],"stand":[156],"out":[157],"examples":[159],"misleading":[161],"speech":[162],"attempt":[164],"subjugate":[166],"through":[168],"power.":[169],"interviews":[171],"with":[172,190],"Lankan":[174],"show":[177],"that":[178,259],"young":[179],"described":[182],"Juki":[184],"girls,":[185],"pejorative":[187],"term":[188],"connotation.":[193],"Moreover,":[194],"EPZs":[195],"often":[197],"referred":[198],"whore":[201],"or":[203,343],"love":[204],"stigma":[209],"created":[210],"society":[212,344],"pushed":[214],"agenda":[218],"national":[220],"discourse,":[222],"such":[223],"as:":[224],"\u201cOur":[225],"innocent":[226],"girls":[227],"sewing":[229],"underwear":[230],"for":[231],"white":[232],"women\u201d":[233],"(Lynch,":[234],"2002,":[235],"p.":[236],"82).":[237],"questions":[239],"designed":[244],"assess":[246],"respondents\u2019":[248],"experiences":[249,322],"(or":[252],"powerlessness)":[253],"empowerment.":[255],"Study":[256,315],"1":[257],"shows":[258],"nearly":[260],"all":[261],"surveyed":[265],"(95.3":[266],"percent)":[267,336],"reported":[268,355],"feeling":[269],"empowered":[270],"result":[273,325],"work":[276,327,366],"EPZs.":[278,368],"respondents":[280],"also":[281],"indicated":[282],"across":[284],"home":[286,363],"well.":[288],"However,":[289],"level":[291],"was":[293],"significant,":[294],"much":[295],"it":[297],"emanating":[298],"public":[301],"arena":[302],"resistance":[308],"workers.":[311],"Concurrently,":[312],"results":[313],"2":[316],"demonstrated":[317],"lower":[318],"but":[319],"significant":[320],"formal":[329],"manufacturing.":[330],"Less":[331],"10":[333],"percent":[334,354],"(7.2":[335],"humiliation":[338],"public,":[340],"community":[342],"while":[345],"working":[346],"manufacturing":[349],"industry,":[350],"only":[352],"12":[353],"experiencing":[356],"attitudes":[359],"upon":[360],"first":[361]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2017-06-05T00:00:00"}