{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2616345926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2017.78","title":"May the Force Be with You: The Future of Force-Sensitive Authentication","display_name":"May the Force Be with You: The Future of Force-Sensitive Authentication","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2616345926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2017.78","mag":"2616345926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mic.2017.78","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2017.78","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2017.78","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205899252","display_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","issn_l":"1089-7801","issn":["1089-7801","1941-0131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072958313","display_name":"Katharina Krombholz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2425-3013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2425-3013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167190","display_name":"SBA Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05nny6x17","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["AT","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katharina Krombholz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-University, Bochum","SBA Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-University, Bochum","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SBA Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002527755","display_name":"Thomas Hupperich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4981-9522","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4981-9522"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Hupperich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-University, Bochum"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-University, Bochum","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056790702","display_name":"Thorsten Holz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-1264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-1264"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thorsten Holz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-University, Bochum"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-University, Bochum","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7967,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9128751,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"64","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartphone-authentication","display_name":"smartphone authentication","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pin-security","display_name":"PIN security","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometric-authentication","display_name":"biometric authentication","score":0.6299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778539339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165970","display_name":"Touchscreen","level":2,"score":0.7496410012245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7169696688652039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5668188333511353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5434958338737488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4341028332710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.40313196182250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3659745752811432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07152923941612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mic.2017.78","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2017.78","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2017.78","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205899252","display_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","issn_l":"1089-7801","issn":["1089-7801","1941-0131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W156428143","https://openalex.org/W170161968","https://openalex.org/W1626992774","https://openalex.org/W1842813322","https://openalex.org/W2011150020","https://openalex.org/W2028570584","https://openalex.org/W2064376060","https://openalex.org/W2098790836","https://openalex.org/W2181155974","https://openalex.org/W2418883100"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2418883100","https://openalex.org/W4212831703","https://openalex.org/W2229154734","https://openalex.org/W2066741414","https://openalex.org/W2802139102","https://openalex.org/W4285244373","https://openalex.org/W1988877217","https://openalex.org/W2803549391","https://openalex.org/W4404562750","https://openalex.org/W2735202016"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"smartphones":[1],"provide":[2],"a":[3,40,60],"rich":[4],"set":[5],"of":[6,27,39,56],"possible":[7],"touchscreen":[8],"interactions,":[9],"but":[10],"most":[11],"authentication":[12],"schemes":[13,29],"still":[14],"rely":[15],"on":[16,96],"simple":[17],"digit":[18,66],"or":[19],"character":[20],"input.":[21],"Previous":[22],"studies":[23],"examined":[24],"the":[25,34,37,54,68],"shortcomings":[26],"such":[28],"(digit-PINs,":[30],"for":[31,93],"example).":[32],"Here,":[33],"authors":[35,89],"discuss":[36,91],"potential":[38],"new":[41],"PIN":[42],"type":[43],"called":[44],"force-PINs.":[45],"The":[46,88],"idea":[47],"behind":[48],"this":[49,72],"approach":[50],"is":[51],"to":[52,64,86],"augment":[53],"security":[55],"digit-PINs":[57],"by":[58],"assigning":[59],"binary":[61],"pressure":[62,75],"value":[63],"each":[65],"in":[67],"sequence.":[69],"By":[70],"adding":[71],"(practically)":[73],"invisible":[74],"component,":[76],"force-PINs":[77],"help":[78],"users":[79],"select":[80],"stronger":[81],"PINs":[82],"that":[83],"are":[84],"harder":[85],"observe.":[87],"also":[90],"implications":[92],"future":[94],"research":[95],"force-sensitive":[97],"authentication.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2017-05-26T00:00:00"}