{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2606376014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13511","title":"Heroin\u2010related Deaths from the Hennepin County Medical Examiner's Office from 2004 Through 2015","display_name":"Heroin\u2010related Deaths from the Hennepin County Medical Examiner's Office from 2004 Through 2015","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2606376014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13511","mag":"2606376014","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28422290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62072220","display_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","issn_l":"0022-1198","issn":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109570898","display_name":"Sara A. Love","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802288015","display_name":"Hennepin County Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01k7a6660","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802288015"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sara A. Love","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology Hennepin County Medical Center 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN","Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology University of Minnesota 420 Delaware Street SE Minneapolis MN","701 Park Avenue South","Addditional information reprint requests:","Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Avenue, Minneapolis, MN","Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN","HCMC Clinical Laboratories P4","MN 55415","Minneapolis","Sara A. Love, Ph.D"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology Hennepin County Medical Center 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802288015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology University of Minnesota 420 Delaware Street SE Minneapolis MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"701 Park Avenue South","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Addditional information reprint requests:","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Avenue, Minneapolis, MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802288015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HCMC Clinical Laboratories P4","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MN 55415","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Minneapolis","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sara A. Love, Ph.D","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091241488","display_name":"Jessica Lelinski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800465688","display_name":"Hennepin County","ror":"https://ror.org/022ebn524","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800465688"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Lelinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hennepin County Medical Examiner 530 Chicago Avenue Minneapolis MN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hennepin County Medical Examiner 530 Chicago Avenue Minneapolis MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800465688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113689765","display_name":"Julie S. Kloss","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802288015","display_name":"Hennepin County Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01k7a6660","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802288015"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Kloss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology Hennepin County Medical Center 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN","Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology; Hennepin County Medical Center; 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology Hennepin County Medical Center 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802288015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology; Hennepin County Medical Center; 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802288015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011971367","display_name":"Owen L. Middleton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800465688","display_name":"Hennepin County","ror":"https://ror.org/022ebn524","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800465688"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Owen Middleton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hennepin County Medical Examiner 530 Chicago Avenue Minneapolis MN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hennepin County Medical Examiner 530 Chicago Avenue Minneapolis MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800465688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068500647","display_name":"Fred S. Apple","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-6498","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-6498"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802288015","display_name":"Hennepin County Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01k7a6660","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802288015"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred S. Apple","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology Hennepin County Medical Center 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN","Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology University of Minnesota 420 Delaware Street SE Minneapolis MN","Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology; Hennepin County Medical Center; 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN","Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology; University of Minnesota; 420 Delaware Street SE Minneapolis MN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology Hennepin County Medical Center 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802288015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology University of Minnesota 420 Delaware Street SE Minneapolis MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology; Hennepin County Medical Center; 701 Park Avenue Minneapolis MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802288015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology; University of Minnesota; 420 Delaware Street SE Minneapolis MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109570898"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516","https://openalex.org/I2802288015"],"apc_list":{"value":4330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4330},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70561387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"1","first_page":"191","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10800","display_name":"Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","score":0.7006999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10800","display_name":"Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","score":0.7006999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.2971000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12296","display_name":"Autopsy Techniques and Outcomes","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heroin-related-deaths","display_name":"heroin-related deaths","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-overdose","display_name":"opioid overdose","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/6-monoacetylmorphine","display_name":"6-monoacetylmorphine","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitreous-body","display_name":"vitreous humor","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cause-of-death-determination","display_name":"cause of death determination","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prescription-opioid-misuse","display_name":"prescription opioid misuse","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hennepin-county","display_name":"Hennepin County","score":0.8510000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778903686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60168","display_name":"Heroin","level":3,"score":0.8940463066101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778200388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143199","display_name":"Medical examiner","level":4,"score":0.8600406050682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6746214032173157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777389121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81225","display_name":"Morphine","level":2,"score":0.636267900466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158342456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587862","display_name":"Forensic toxicology","level":2,"score":0.5510764122009277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2426938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478","display_name":"Medical prescription","level":2,"score":0.5473614931106567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.5461826920509338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40924","display_name":"Urine","level":2,"score":0.5299274325370789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.4026104807853699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.3423795700073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.32952573895454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.32250452041625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.2489537000656128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.23599880933761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11784994602203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000059","descriptor_name":"Accidents","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003334","descriptor_name":"Coroners and Medical Examiners","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006556","descriptor_name":"Heroin Dependence","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006556","descriptor_name":"Heroin Dependence","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006556","descriptor_name":"Heroin Dependence","qualifier_ui":"Q000652","qualifier_name":"urine","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006708","descriptor_name":"Homicide","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008401","descriptor_name":"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008910","descriptor_name":"Minnesota","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009020","descriptor_name":"Morphine","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009022","descriptor_name":"Morphine Derivatives","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013405","descriptor_name":"Suicide","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014822","descriptor_name":"Vitreous Body","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017678","descriptor_name":"Sex Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062787","descriptor_name":"Drug Overdose","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62072220","display_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","issn_l":"0022-1198","issn":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28422290","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28422290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of forensic sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.47620001435279846,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30909155","https://openalex.org/W66539598","https://openalex.org/W1971530274","https://openalex.org/W1997116644","https://openalex.org/W2014732507","https://openalex.org/W2071065478","https://openalex.org/W2090314199","https://openalex.org/W2095791319","https://openalex.org/W2112747761","https://openalex.org/W2131699234","https://openalex.org/W2139852527","https://openalex.org/W2145132837","https://openalex.org/W2151383246","https://openalex.org/W2159255806","https://openalex.org/W2257059158","https://openalex.org/W2269979437","https://openalex.org/W2296986887","https://openalex.org/W2297002475","https://openalex.org/W2561135550","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093631846","https://openalex.org/W2337288235","https://openalex.org/W2071065478","https://openalex.org/W4389394367","https://openalex.org/W2344712368","https://openalex.org/W2888904214","https://openalex.org/W2052777785","https://openalex.org/W2766136870","https://openalex.org/W2911895287","https://openalex.org/W66539598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,20,55,109],"past":[2],"two":[3],"decades,":[4],"prescription":[5],"and":[6,92,108,125,142],"illicit":[7],"opioid":[8,119],"use":[9],"has":[10],"led":[11],"to":[12,18,32,149],"changes":[13],"in":[14,105,140,156],"public":[15],"health":[16],"policy":[17],"address":[19],"increasing":[21],"number":[22],"of":[23,28,57,138],"opioid-related":[24],"deaths.":[25,159],"The":[26],"purpose":[27],"this":[29],"study":[30],"was":[31,47,103,118,154],"review":[33],"cases":[34,107],"from":[35],"Hennepin":[36],"County":[37],"Medical":[38],"Examiner's":[39],"Office":[40],"between":[41],"2004":[42],"through":[43],"2015":[44],"where":[45],"heroin":[46],"listed":[48],"as":[49,54,76],"a":[50,147],"significant":[51],"contributor":[52],"or":[53],"cause":[56],"death.":[58],"We":[59],"identified":[60],"322":[61],"heroin-related":[62,158],"deaths,":[63],"which":[64],"were":[65,75],"predominantly":[66],"male":[67],"(255;":[68],"79%).":[69],"6-Monoacetylmorphine":[70],"(6-MAM)":[71],"median":[72],"(range)":[73],"concentrations":[74],"follows:":[77],"blood":[78,141],"(n":[79,86,95,120,129],"=":[80,87,96,121,130],"7),":[81],"0.010":[82],"(0.006-0.078)":[83],"mg/L;":[84,91],"urine":[85],"30),":[88],"0.359":[89],"(0.009-1.75)":[90],"vitreous":[93,143],"humor":[94],"31),":[97],"0.034":[98],"(0.004-0.24)":[99],"mg/L.":[100],"Free":[101],"morphine":[102,112,151],"measurable":[104],"273":[106],"percent":[110],"free":[111,148],"(range),":[113],"when":[114],"grouped":[115],"by":[116],"COD,":[117],"124),":[122],"28%":[123],"(2.2%-92%),":[124],"mixed":[126],"drug":[127],"toxicity":[128],"135),":[131],"35.3%":[132],"(1.5%-100%);":[133],"(p":[134],"<":[135],"0.01).":[136],"Quantitation":[137],"6-MAM":[139],"humor,":[144],"along":[145],"with":[146],"total":[150],"ratio":[152],">26%,":[153],"useful":[155],"establishing":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2017-04-28T00:00:00"}