{"id":"https://openalex.org/W26061211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7086.991","title":"Facial disfigurement","display_name":"Facial disfigurement","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W26061211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7086.991","mag":"26061211","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9112836","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2126436"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7086.991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7086.991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7086.991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2126436","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113440843","display_name":"D Angus McGrouther","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-1331","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-1331"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D A McGrouther","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University College London Medical School, London W1P 7LD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University College London Medical School, London W1P 7LD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113440843"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"314","issue":"7086","first_page":"991","last_page":"991"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12663","display_name":"Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12663","display_name":"Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11866","display_name":"Reconstructive Facial Surgery Techniques","score":0.06679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12301","display_name":"Facial Nerve Paralysis Treatment and Research","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-disfigurement","display_name":"facial disfigurement","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-deformity","display_name":"facial deformity","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmetic-surgery","display_name":"cosmetic surgery","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-image","display_name":"body image","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stigmatization","display_name":"stigmatization","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appearance-ideals","display_name":"appearance ideals","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congenital-facial-anomalies","display_name":"congenital facial anomalies","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-trauma","display_name":"facial trauma","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-cancer","display_name":"facial cancer","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-diseases","display_name":"skin diseases","score":0.7639999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778749371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3043172","display_name":"Disfigurement","level":2,"score":0.8343784809112549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780620123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242","display_name":"Beauty","level":2,"score":0.680840253829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779056813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2844542","display_name":"Amusement","level":2,"score":0.6125244498252869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6063638925552368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777992674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192692","display_name":"Nightmare","level":2,"score":0.5787948369979858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.483434796333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.42363405227661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936750","display_name":"Cruelty","level":2,"score":0.42267218232154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3079453110694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2477317750453949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20210665464401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.19109421968460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.18029120564460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.13972756266593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000223","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001828","descriptor_name":"Body Image","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000002","qualifier_name":"abnormalities","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013518","descriptor_name":"Surgery, Plastic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7086.991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7086.991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7086.991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2126436","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2126436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:9112836","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9112836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)","raw_type":"Editorial"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2126436","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2126436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15669480","https://openalex.org/W43664131","https://openalex.org/W1605768882","https://openalex.org/W1966679064","https://openalex.org/W1967463350","https://openalex.org/W1972922050","https://openalex.org/W1980510232","https://openalex.org/W1988240768","https://openalex.org/W1988403445","https://openalex.org/W2011858794","https://openalex.org/W2029577701","https://openalex.org/W2030419068","https://openalex.org/W2033208320","https://openalex.org/W2035831689","https://openalex.org/W2052704060","https://openalex.org/W2062288862","https://openalex.org/W2067047380","https://openalex.org/W2067371209","https://openalex.org/W2083536542","https://openalex.org/W2339009088","https://openalex.org/W3040710380","https://openalex.org/W4230799032","https://openalex.org/W4235198333","https://openalex.org/W4256489333"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2243206248","https://openalex.org/W2494904812","https://openalex.org/W2229680491","https://openalex.org/W4246050615","https://openalex.org/W2015771369","https://openalex.org/W74316731","https://openalex.org/W2054856895","https://openalex.org/W2177320869","https://openalex.org/W195252483","https://openalex.org/W1998650777"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"disfigurement":[1],"and":[2,44,80,135,137],"deformity":[3],"are":[4,82],"common":[5,12],"causes":[6],"of":[7,41,62,96,105],"human":[8],"suffering,":[9],"much":[10],"more":[11],"than":[13],"a":[14,86],"walk":[15],"down":[16],"the":[17,38,60,63,67,90,94,101,106,161],"high":[18],"street":[19],"may":[20],"suggest":[21],"as":[22,89,122,141],"many":[23],"afflicted":[24],"will":[25,54],"choose":[26],"to":[27,73,75,155],"hide":[28],"from":[29,100,117],"public":[30],"gaze.":[31],"Accurate":[32],"figures":[33],"do":[34],"not":[35],"exist,":[36],"but\u2013given":[37],"known":[39],"incidences":[40],"congenital,":[42],"traumatic,":[43],"malignant":[45],"facial":[46],"conditions,":[47],"together":[48],"with":[49,133],"skin":[50],"diseases\u2013every":[51],"general":[52],"practitioner":[53],"frequently":[55],"encounter":[56],"this":[57,150],"problem.1":[58],"At":[59],"root":[61],"patient's":[64],"distress":[65],"lies":[66],"pressure":[68],"in":[69,115,160],"modern":[70],"cosmopolitan":[71],"society":[72],"confirm":[74],"an":[76],"idealised":[77],"appearance.2":[78],"Image":[79],"beauty":[81],"marketing":[83],"tools":[84],"portraying":[85],"particular":[87],"\u201csupermodel\u201d":[88],"desired":[91],"\u201clook,\u201d":[92],"diminishing":[93],"value":[95],"individuals":[97],"who":[98],"deviate":[99],"face":[102],"or":[103,125,158],"form":[104],"moment.\n\nStigmatisation":[107],"by":[108],"appearance":[109],"is":[110],"reinforced":[111],"at":[112],"every":[113],"stage":[114],"education,":[116],"characters":[118],"children's":[119],"books":[120],"such":[121,140],"Big":[123],"Ears":[124],"Mr":[126],"Nosey.":[127],"Pantomime":[128],"Ugly":[129],"Sisters":[130],"equate":[131],"ugliness":[132],"evil,":[134],"film":[136,153],"video":[138],"villains":[139],"Freddy":[142],"(in":[143],"Nightmare":[144],"on":[145],"Elm":[146],"Street":[147],")":[148],"reinforce":[149],"definition.":[151],"Were":[152],"makers":[154],"tackle":[156],"race":[157],"sex":[159],"way":[162],"\u2026":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}