{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2605942428","doi":null,"title":"Responding to the Problem of Prison Overcrowding in Nigeria through Restorative Justice: A Challenge to the Traditional Criminal Justice System","display_name":"Responding to the Problem of Prison Overcrowding in Nigeria through Restorative Justice: A Challenge to the Traditional Criminal Justice System","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2605942428","mag":"2605942428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2605942428","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-4319931911/responding-to-the-problem-of-prison-overcrowding-in","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738814037","display_name":"International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences","issn_l":"0973-5089","issn":["0973-5089"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318699","host_organization_name":"Dr. K. Jaishankar","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dr. K. Jaishankar"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030088348","display_name":"Macpherson Uchenna Nnam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7299-0160","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7299-0160"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Macpherson Uchenna Nnam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7299-0160","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030088348"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1839},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2183,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9717189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"177","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14397","display_name":"Legal and Policy Analysis in Indonesia","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-overcrowding","display_name":"prison overcrowding","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restorative-justice","display_name":"restorative justice","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victim-offender-mediation","display_name":"victim-offender mediation","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternatives-to-imprisonment","display_name":"alternatives to imprisonment","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restorative-justice-legislation","display_name":"restorative justice legislation","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-justice","display_name":"community justice","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-safety","display_name":"public safety","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punishment-and-deterrence","display_name":"punishment and deterrence","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-prevention-and-control","display_name":"crime prevention and control","score":0.597000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781330901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165392","display_name":"Restorative justice","level":2,"score":0.8082829117774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40357","display_name":"Prison","level":2,"score":0.6981602311134338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6708458662033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.667587161064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83645499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285466","display_name":"Punitive damages","level":2,"score":0.6220903396606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778872837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113614","display_name":"Overcrowding","level":2,"score":0.5973876714706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5833795070648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185052227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2352967","display_name":"Theory of criminal justice","level":3,"score":0.5726950168609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110928126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519270","display_name":"Retributive justice","level":3,"score":0.5121245384216309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.46609723567962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841236","display_name":"Imprisonment","level":2,"score":0.45462512969970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.44917720556259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.43352752923965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4302576780319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.39244574308395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27865076065063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.14278870820999146}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2605942428","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-4319931911/responding-to-the-problem-of-prison-overcrowding-in","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738814037","display_name":"International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences","issn_l":"0973-5089","issn":["0973-5089"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318699","host_organization_name":"Dr. K. Jaishankar","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dr. K. Jaishankar"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79081367","https://openalex.org/W199219990","https://openalex.org/W572317472","https://openalex.org/W1533900552","https://openalex.org/W1567439775","https://openalex.org/W1994979892","https://openalex.org/W2028733026","https://openalex.org/W2045371085","https://openalex.org/W2090897732","https://openalex.org/W2161860981","https://openalex.org/W2469164008","https://openalex.org/W2602202382","https://openalex.org/W3124453656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2397351931","https://openalex.org/W7171538756","https://openalex.org/W4402617506","https://openalex.org/W2291527532","https://openalex.org/W3091355081","https://openalex.org/W3204082286","https://openalex.org/W1989539556","https://openalex.org/W2366339640","https://openalex.org/W7215395154","https://openalex.org/W100681912"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"IntroductionThe":[0],"traditional":[1,114,212,268,306],"criminal":[2,115,213,573,578],"justice":[3,199,209,214,218,247,283,309,322,335,365,367,370,384,395,417,465,509,559,574],"system":[4,27,116,302,418,575],"in":[5,188,195,210,224,240,256,261,264,271,305,419,448,532,560,576],"its":[6,211,471,577],"effort":[7],"to":[8,17,76,102,128,141,147,164,175,228,234,251,330,397,435,489,495,502,521,566],"achieve":[9],"public":[10,56],"safety":[11],"has":[12,203],"for":[13,73,207,276,470,549,571],"years":[14],"tenaciously":[15],"held":[16],"the":[18,55,59,93,97,113,156,165,190,225,229,235,241,272,299,326,331,360,381,421,443,478,481,484,487,493,496,503,533,554],"notion":[19],"that":[20,31,58,184,298,385,463,507,511,544],"'tough":[21],"on":[22,281,425,477],"crime'":[23],"involves":[24],"an":[25,118,126,257,406,546],"effective":[26],"of":[28,62,92,99,120,125,159,192,238,287,316,376,379,383,412,442,480,486,535,541,557],"incarceration,":[29],"and":[30,37,54,68,85,104,130,138,154,170,232,255,290,294,319,349,356,391,402,410,431,456,459,468,483,492,516,526,530,583],"this":[32,107,415,449,568],"alone":[33],"would":[34,64],"address":[35,513],"any":[36,182],"all":[38],"issues":[39],"we":[40],"have":[41,347],"with":[42],"social":[43,84,351,422],"problems":[44],"like":[45],"prison":[46,193],"overcrowding.":[47],"The":[48,267],"standing":[49],"belief":[50],"by":[51,389],"many":[52],"commentators":[53],"was":[57,221,386],"punitive":[60],"aspects":[61],"imprisonment":[63],"deter":[65],"further":[66],"crime":[67,78,122,317,390],"effectively":[69],"hold":[70,518],"offenders":[71,519],"accountable":[72,520],"their":[74],"decision":[75],"commit":[77],"(Downen,":[79],"2011).":[80],"Crime":[81],"is":[82,89,136,181,197,244,248,303,368,374,396,466,538,564],"a":[83,90,252,285,436,539],"moral":[86],"turpitude.":[87],"It":[88,373,537],"bane":[91],"society,":[94],"which":[95,311],"requires":[96,510],"application":[98],"justifiable":[100],"coercions":[101],"prevent":[103],"control.":[105],"For":[106],"reason,":[108],"punishment":[109],"or":[110,123,427],"treatment":[111],"from":[112,325],"as":[117,143,145,284,313],"act":[119],"fighting":[121],"subjection":[124],"offender":[127,482,488],"expiation":[129],"penitence":[131],"becomes":[132],"necessary.":[133],"Nonetheless,":[134],"it":[135],"imperative":[137],"always":[139],"ideal":[140],"try":[142],"much":[144],"possible":[146],"resolve":[148],"victim-offender":[149],"differences,":[150],"correct":[151],"antisocial":[152],"conducts":[153],"heal":[155],"'wound'":[157],"(violation":[158],"law":[160],"without":[161],"justification)":[162],"done":[163],"'collective":[166],"sentiment'":[167],"(core":[168],"norms":[169],"values,":[171],"law)":[172],"using":[173,363],"alternatives":[174],"institutional":[176],"confinement.":[177],"Therefore,":[178],"if":[179],"there":[180],"programme":[183,220],"can":[185],"be":[186],"employed":[187],"addressing":[189],"problem":[191],"overcrowding":[194],"Nigeria":[196,202,563],"restorative":[198,208,246,282,364,464,508,558],"measure.At":[200],"present,":[201,332],"no":[204],"statutory":[205],"provision":[206],"system,":[215],"although":[216],"such":[217],"intervention":[219,371],"widely":[222],"practiced":[223,260],"county":[226],"prior":[227,501],"British":[230],"incursions":[231],"stretched":[233],"early":[236],"phase":[237],"colonialism":[239],"country.":[242],"What":[243],"more,":[245],"still":[249],"though,":[250],"lesser":[253],"extent":[254],"informal":[258,314],"setting,":[259],"some":[262],"communities":[263,531],"contemporary":[265],"Nigeria.":[266],"Igbo":[269,300,361],"society":[270,512],"present-day":[273],"Southern":[274,581],"Nigeria,":[275],"instance,":[277],"placed":[278],"prime":[279],"emphasis":[280],"means":[286],"processing":[288],"deviants":[289],"criminals.":[291,392],"Nnam,":[292],"Agboti":[293],"Otu":[295],"(2013)":[296],"affirm":[297],"socio-politico-legal":[301],"deep-rooted":[304],"associations":[307],"(restorative":[308,321],"administrators)":[310],"serve":[312],"agents":[315],"prevention":[318],"control":[320],"administration).":[323],"Beginning":[324],"pre-colonial":[327],"era":[328],"through":[329],"these":[333],"revered":[334],"institutions:":[336],"age":[337],"grades,":[338],"town":[339],"unions,":[340],"youth":[341],"organizations,":[342],"masquerades/secret":[343],"societies,":[344],"among":[345,359],"others,":[346],"maintained":[348],"sustained":[350],"justice,":[352],"order,":[353],"progress,":[354],"stability":[355],"peaceful":[357,403],"coexistence":[358,404],"nation":[362],"mechanisms.Restorative":[366],"victim-offender-community-centered":[369],"programme.":[372],"devoid":[375],"non-custodian":[377],"measures":[378],"balancing":[380],"scale":[382],"made":[387],"uneven":[388],"To":[393],"restore":[394,490],"re-establish":[398],"sanity,":[399],"mutual":[400],"understanding":[401],"after":[405],"estrangement,":[407],"conflict,":[408],"victimization":[409],"occurrence":[411],"crime.":[413],"With":[414],"particular":[416],"place,":[420],"harm":[423],"inflicted":[424],"individual":[426],"community,":[428],"threatened":[429],"security":[430],"property":[432],"loss":[433],"are,":[434],"large":[437],"extent,":[438],"restored.":[439],"In":[440],"support":[441],"views":[444],"so":[445],"far":[446],"expressed":[447],"article,":[450],"Braithwaite":[451,460],"(1998),":[452],"Levrant,":[453],"Cullen,":[454],"Fulton":[455],"Wozniak":[457],"(1999),":[458],"(2002)":[461,505],"acknowledge":[462],"touted":[467],"praised":[469],"efforts":[472,485],"at":[473,500],"working":[474],"towards":[475],"accountability":[476],"part":[479],"victims":[491],"community":[494],"position":[497],"they":[498],"were":[499],"crime.Zehr":[504],"explains":[506],"victim's":[514],"harms":[515],"needs,":[517],"put":[522],"right":[523],"those":[524],"harms,":[525],"involve":[527],"victims,":[528],"offenders,":[529],"process":[534],"healing.":[536],"set":[540],"guiding":[542],"questions":[543],"provide":[545],"alternative":[547],"framework":[548],"thinking":[550],"about":[551],"wrongdoing.":[552],"Despite":[553],"inclusive":[555],"role":[556],"penal":[561,584],"administration,":[562],"yet":[565],"formalized":[567],"emerging":[569],"option":[570],"conventional":[572],"code":[579,585],"(for":[580,586],"Nigeria)":[582],"Northern":[587],"Nigeria).":[588],"\u2026":[589]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-10-10T17:16:08.811792","created_date":"2017-04-28T00:00:00"}
