{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2600987115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00039546","title":"A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Pediatric Intraosseous Infusion as a Prehospital Skill","display_name":"A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Pediatric Intraosseous Infusion as a Prehospital Skill","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2600987115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00039546","mag":"2600987115"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1049023x00039546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00039546","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00039546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2754346785","display_name":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine","issn_l":"0882-7397","issn":["0882-7397","1049-023X","1945-1938","2059-9226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023468036","display_name":"Herbert G. Garrison","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Herbert G. Garrison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049466027","display_name":"Stephen M. Downs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-108X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-108X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen M. Downs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110146542","display_name":"Robert Mcnutt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert A. McNutt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013346421","display_name":"Thomas R. Griggs","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas R. Griggs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023468036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7063,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67608913,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"221","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10645","display_name":"Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10645","display_name":"Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11467","display_name":"Trauma and Emergency Care Studies","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-effectiveness","display_name":"cost-effectiveness","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prehospital-care","display_name":"prehospital care","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-cardiac-arrest","display_name":"pediatric cardiac arrest","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vascular-access","display_name":"vascular access","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-medical-services","display_name":"emergency medical services","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-per-life-saved","display_name":"cost per life saved","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-costs","display_name":"program costs","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-efficacy","display_name":"clinical efficacy","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-analytic-model","display_name":"decision-analytic model","score":0.550000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.642704963684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776016174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28502965","display_name":"Vascular access","level":3,"score":0.574039876461029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992052470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31218","display_name":"Medical expenses","level":2,"score":0.4369059205055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983335822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942582","display_name":"Cost analysis","level":2,"score":0.414424329996109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127454912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942582","display_name":"Cost\u2013benefit analysis","level":2,"score":0.4110032916069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.4083813726902008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.39517295360565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.17417600750923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.13460728526115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778063415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391744","display_name":"Hemodialysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1049023x00039546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00039546","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00039546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2754346785","display_name":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine","issn_l":"0882-7397","issn":["0882-7397","1049-023X","1945-1938","2059-9226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484477357","https://openalex.org/W1946467708","https://openalex.org/W1965127498","https://openalex.org/W1975206902","https://openalex.org/W1976924834","https://openalex.org/W1978102422","https://openalex.org/W1978501635","https://openalex.org/W1979434538","https://openalex.org/W2005921855","https://openalex.org/W2008536560","https://openalex.org/W2016675868","https://openalex.org/W2038721305","https://openalex.org/W2053259624","https://openalex.org/W2069047181","https://openalex.org/W2079754609","https://openalex.org/W4249565100","https://openalex.org/W4253050276","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7141419348","https://openalex.org/W1976924834","https://openalex.org/W2410757180","https://openalex.org/W3024318330","https://openalex.org/W4225146338","https://openalex.org/W2050491608","https://openalex.org/W3120063332","https://openalex.org/W2242421975","https://openalex.org/W3191209384","https://openalex.org/W2136149339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Purpose:":[1],"To":[2,171],"determine":[3],"the":[4,23,52,69,87,105,111,136,174,209,237,257],"clinical":[5,66,164,175,204,217,249],"efficacy,":[6],"patient":[7,43,153],"volume,":[8],"and":[9,45,85,97,151],"program":[10,147],"costs":[11,46,94],"that":[12,173],"justify":[13],"pediatric":[14],"intraosseous":[15],"(IO)":[16],"infusion":[17],"as":[18],"a":[19,31,163,188,203],"routine":[20],"skill":[21],"for":[22,51,110,130,168],"treatment":[24],"of":[25,62,71,80,89,149,166,177,190,259,272],"patients":[26,81],"with":[27],"cardiac":[28],"arrest":[29],"in":[30,181,256,278],"prehospital":[32,261,279],"system.":[33],"Methods:":[34],"A":[35],"decision":[36,238],"analytic":[37],"model":[38,106],"was":[39],"constructed":[40],"to":[41,47,57,221,225,239,275],"include":[42],"outcomes":[44],"society.":[48],"Critical":[49],"variables":[50],"analysis":[53,196],"were:":[54],"1)":[55],"time":[56],"vascular":[58,63,76,169,178],"access;":[59,64],"2)":[60],"success":[61,128],"3)":[65],"efficacy":[67,165,176,205,211],"(i.e.,":[68],"percentage":[70],"lives":[72],"saved":[73],"by":[74],"early":[75],"access);":[77],"4)":[78],"number":[79],"requiring":[82],"IO":[83,91,119,131,198,241],"annually;":[84],"5)":[86],"cost":[88],"an":[90,125],"program.":[92],"Program":[93],"included":[95],"training":[96],"equipment":[98],"expenses.":[99],"Sensitivity":[100],"analysis,":[101],"which":[102,118,263],"repeatedly":[103],"evaluates":[104],"using":[107],"different":[108],"values":[109,116],"critical":[112],"variables,":[113],"identified":[114],"those":[115],"at":[117],"would":[120,138,186],"be":[121,139,213,254,265],"cost-effective.":[122,267],"Results:":[123],"With":[124],"estimated":[126],"80%":[127],"rate":[129],"access":[132,179],"within":[133],"five":[134],"minutes,":[135],"cost-per-life-saved":[137],"[US]":[140],"$161,000.":[141],"This":[142,195],"cost-effectiveness":[143,159],"ratio":[144,160],"assumed":[145],"annual":[146],"expenses":[148],"$2,000":[150],"one":[152],"per":[154],"year":[155],"needing":[156],"IO.":[157],"The":[158],"also":[161],"required":[162],"2%":[167],"access.":[170],"prove":[172,226],"is":[180,200],"fact":[182],"2%,":[183],"epidemiologic":[184],"studies":[185,218],"require":[187],"sample":[189],"nearly":[191],"9,000":[192],"patients.":[193],"Conclusions:":[194],"suggests":[197],"probably":[199],"cost-effective":[201],"given":[202],"above":[206],"2%.":[207],"While":[208],"true":[210],"may":[212,264],"below":[214],"this":[215],"value,":[216],"are":[219],"unlikely":[220],"have":[222],"sufficient":[223],"size":[224],"it.":[227],"Therefore,":[228],"emergency":[229],"medical":[230,233],"services":[231],"(EMS)":[232],"directors":[234],"must":[235,253],"make":[236],"utilize":[240],"based":[242],"on":[243],"their":[244],"own":[245],"beliefs":[246],"about":[247],"its":[248],"efficacy.":[250],"Further,":[251],"it":[252],"considered":[255],"context":[258],"other":[260],"programs":[262,277],"more":[266],"Such":[268],"analyses":[269],"permit":[270],"establishment":[271],"rational":[273],"priorities":[274],"rank":[276],"systems.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2017-04-07T00:00:00"}