{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2600972005","doi":null,"title":"A Feather's Tale From tube to plane and back again","display_name":"A Feather's Tale From tube to plane and back again","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2600972005","mag":"2600972005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2600972005","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.tdl.org/watchbird/index.php/watchbird/article/view/1842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764403417","display_name":"AFA Watchbird","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324168125","host_organization_name":"American Federation of Aviculture","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324168125"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Federation of Aviculture"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"AFA Watchbird","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034501064","display_name":"Mary Nogare","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mary Nogare","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034501064"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"56","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11167","display_name":"Hair Growth and Disorders","score":0.8755000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11167","display_name":"Hair Growth and Disorders","score":0.8755000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11650","display_name":"Skin and Cellular Biology Research","score":0.047600001096725464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.02329999953508377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feather-structure","display_name":"feather structure","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feather-follicle","display_name":"feather follicle","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feather-keratin","display_name":"feather keratin","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-keratin","display_name":"beta-keratin","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alpha-keratin","display_name":"alpha-keratin","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plumage-coloration","display_name":"plumage coloration","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidermal-appendages","display_name":"epidermal appendages","score":0.8610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127745971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81025","display_name":"Feather","level":2,"score":0.8089544773101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2093072","display_name":"Tube (container)","level":2,"score":0.4884585440158844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779594111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3303665","display_name":"Plumage","level":2,"score":0.4290401339530945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30829620361328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2765458822250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.2523092031478882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1694701611995697}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2600972005","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.tdl.org/watchbird/index.php/watchbird/article/view/1842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764403417","display_name":"AFA Watchbird","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324168125","host_organization_name":"American Federation of Aviculture","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324168125"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Federation of Aviculture"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"AFA Watchbird","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000286878","https://openalex.org/W2001378026","https://openalex.org/W2035423713","https://openalex.org/W2038676252","https://openalex.org/W2062064791","https://openalex.org/W2062628055","https://openalex.org/W2098841576","https://openalex.org/W2173126286","https://openalex.org/W2265145646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237559358","https://openalex.org/W7214212965","https://openalex.org/W2003630655","https://openalex.org/W2507189386","https://openalex.org/W1973145315","https://openalex.org/W2177336669","https://openalex.org/W2056306751","https://openalex.org/W4408898421","https://openalex.org/W2187330231","https://openalex.org/W130239599"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"All":[0,267],"birds":[1,58,644],"have":[2,284,299,411,482,958],"feathers":[3,5,14,29,66,86,207,406,447,491,818,1166],"and":[4,21,35,50,60,67,76,107,143,150,250,254,260,263,310,313,380,392,396,405,441,451,455,459,467,504,529,569,656,738,770,804,906,919,928,945,950,973,1008,1078,1087,1144,1147,1169],"are":[6,55,65,69,78,82,90,141,146,160,167,217,231,273,318,361,387,400,472,475,511,645,665,782,791,809,952,1067,1091,1167],"unique":[7,103,187,559,901,984],"to":[8,57,61,96,288,339,341,363,462,469,484,496,527,535,538,575,615,668,748,811,981,1101,1150,1162],"birds.]!]":[9],"Birds":[10],"rely":[11],"upon":[12],"their":[13,175,424,551,571,576],"for":[15,170,174,181],"thermoregulation]],":[16],"flight[1115],":[17],"waterproofing]],":[18],"communicationj":[19],":]":[20],"more":[22,265,417,476],"[911.12\u00b711\u00b715].":[23],"To":[24],"an":[25,121,623,1133,1142],"aviculturist,":[26],"a":[27,43,47,102,108,115,126,184,209,241,258,276,532,593,597,620,709,716,796,813,832,836,861,864,869,873,876,884,890,900,983,990,1026,1031,1036,1039,1178],"bird's":[28,48,797],"represent":[30],"not":[31,582],"only":[32,192,402],"the":[33,38,83,93,132,147,179,204,226,285,296,305,311,323,327,336,350,412,431,485,517,566,606,611,632,638,640,650,654,663,690,695,712,721,724,731,735,742,759,762,767,771,775,785,842,850,897,917,920,926,933,936,942,955,961,971,987,998,1006,1010,1020,1044,1051,1057,1062,1069,1088,1094,1103,1110,1114,1117,1122,1125,1129,1136,1151,1156,1182],"distinctiveness":[34],"beauty":[36],"of":[37,46,92,105,135,138,183,186,199,203,212,222,228,235,278,295,307,326,349,407,415,430,457,487,490,523,561,596,642,653,660,694,706,741,795,817,841,868,889,896,904,925,932,976,989,1000,1025,1028,1033,1043,1047,1056,1116,1124,1135,1155,1181],"Class":[39],"Aves":[40],"but":[41,474],"also":[42,855],"significant":[44],"investment":[45],"nutritional":[49],"physical":[51,324,351],"resources[1].":[52],"Feathers":[54,145,161,216,471],"important":[56],"-":[59],"aviculture.":[62],"What":[64,73,113,159,591],"what":[68],"they":[70,79,317,332,808,957],"made":[71,274],"of?":[72],"makes":[74],"them":[75,464],"how":[77,331,883],"made?":[80,87],"How":[81],"patterns":[84],"on":[85],"Summarized":[88],"here**":[89],"some":[91],"amazing":[94],"answers":[95],"these":[97,524,781,977],"questions,":[98],"which":[99,124,223,239,256,316,354,1023,1075,1080],"begin":[100],"with":[101,377,382,531,723,835,970],"form":[104,227,364,539,636,1050,1061],"protein":[106,188,205],"very":[109,252],"special":[110,286,413],"ring.":[111],"is":[114,120,125,129,224,246,251,264,322,437,444,449,526,555,564,581,605,622,698,756,765,773,979,997,1019,1113,1132,1139,1160,1176],"Feather?":[116],"A":[118,558],"feather":[119,194,342,545,562,603,625,682,685,696,713,725,754,786,789,823,870,885,943,1011,1052,1118,1130],"epidermal":[122,139,153,269,435,905,1065],"appendage]':],":[123],"structure":[127,456,895,911],"that":[128,329,565,609,1003],"formed":[130,953],"by":[131,637,935,954,1141],"skin.":[133,798,1157],"Examples":[134],"other":[136,420,509,537,1148],"kinds":[137],"appendages":[140,154],"claws[1]":[142],"beaksf'[trharnphotheca).]].":[144],"most":[148,221,643],"complex":[149,365,607],"highly":[151],"organized]]":[152],"found":[155,247,388,401],"in":[156,178,193,225,248,315,353,373,389,393,403,434,446,502,516,588,628,631,708,986],"vertebrates.]]":[157],"Made":[162],"Of?":[163],"[0']":[164],"There":[230],"no":[168],"genes":[169,360],"feathers.":[171],"The":[602,894],"information":[173],"production":[176,182],"resides":[177],"timing":[180,312],"set":[185],"molecules.":[189],"This":[190,479,554,910],"occurs":[191,501,587],"follicles":[195,626,635,790,800],"during":[196],"well-defined":[197],"periods":[198],"molt.":[200],"conversion":[202],"into":[206,290,670,678,720,1005],"involves":[208],"production-linelike":[210],"series":[211],"events.":[213],"[1]":[214],"about":[218],"90%":[219],"protein,":[220],"keratin]],":[229],"two":[232,374],"basic":[233],"types":[234,306],"keratin:":[236],"Alpha-keratin,":[238],"forms":[240,257],"helical":[242],"strand":[243],"(such":[244,542],"as":[245,368,500,543,586,784,828,858,872,960],"hair)":[249],"flexible,":[253],"beta-keratin,":[255],"pleated":[259],"folded":[261],"sheet":[262],"rigid.":[266],"avian":[268,394],"appendages,":[270],"including":[271],"feathers,":[272],"from":[275,335,745,1073],"family":[277,298],"beta-keratin***":[279],"molecules":[280],"called":[281,519,556,673,681,758],"phi-keratins.":[282],"Phi-keratins":[283,371],"ability":[287],"self-assemble":[289],"filaments":[291,340,433],"(not":[292],"all":[293],"members":[294],"beta-keratin":[297],"this":[300,688],"ability).":[301],"Genes":[303],"direct":[304],"phi-keratins":[308,328,386,410],"produced":[309],"sequence":[314],"made;":[319],"however":[320],"it":[321,443,448,1138,1159],"properties":[325],"determine":[330],"may":[333,357,481,878],"assemble":[334],"molecular":[337],"level":[338],"fibers]]":[343],"(hierarchical":[344],"organization).":[345],"By":[346],"taking":[347],"advantage":[348],"ways":[352],"components\u00a0":[355],"assemble,":[358],"fewer":[359],"necessary":[362],"structures":[366,436,541],"such":[367,499],"feathers]],":[369],"exist":[372],"sizes,":[375],"one":[376,381],"larger":[378,385],"polypeptides":[379],"smaller.":[383],"alligator":[390],"claws]':]":[391],"beaks":[395,442,458,503],"claws.":[397],"smaller":[399],"downs":[404],"birds[1\u00b78].":[408],"Feather":[409,598,891],"quality":[414,560],"being":[416,849],"flexible":[418,473],"than":[419],"beta-keratins":[421],"while":[422],"retaining":[423],"strength]'":[425],"T":[426],"organization":[429,613],"phi-keratin":[432],"different:":[438],"In":[439,649,1099],"claws":[440,460],"interwoven;":[445],"linear":[450],"branching.":[452],"components":[454],"combine":[461],"make":[463],"rigid,":[465],"durable":[466],"resistant":[468],"wear.":[470],"easily":[477],"abraded.":[478],"susceptibility":[480],"contributed":[483],"evolution":[486],"regular":[488],"replacement":[489],"via":[492],"molt":[493],"(as":[494],"opposed":[495],"continuous":[497,914,930],"growth,":[498],"claws).":[505],"Phi-keratins,":[507],"like":[1035],"keratins,":[510],"manufactured":[512],"within":[513,863,875],"specialized":[514],"cells":[515,525,652,707,740,806,1042,1055],"skin":[518,962],"keratinocytes]],":[520],"purpose":[522],"produce":[528],"fill":[530],"keratin,":[533],"bond":[534],"each":[536],"solid":[540],"developing":[544],"barbs)":[546],"then":[547],"die":[548],"(apoptosis),":[549],"leaving":[550],"keratin":[552,580],"behind.]],":[553],"keratinization.":[557],"keratinization":[563],"keratinocytes":[567],"fuse":[568],"assume":[570],"final":[572],"shape":[573],"prior":[574],"death.":[577],"[5].":[578],"shaped":[583],"after":[584],"apoptosis":[585],"hair.[5]":[589],"Makes":[592],"Feather?[A5]":[594],"Formation":[595],"Follicle":[599],"[A5]":[600],"follicle":[604,768,776,824,871,898,944,1012,1095],"organ":[608],"provides":[610],"spatial":[612],"required":[614],"growfeathers.":[616],"'TJ":[617],"When":[619],"bird":[621],"embryo,":[624],"form]':]":[627],"tracts":[629],"(pterylae)":[630],"epidermis.":[633],"time":[639],"embryos":[641],"twelve":[646],"days":[647],"old.[9]":[648],"pterylae,":[651],"epidermis":[655,918,934,967,1029,1048,1059],"dermis":[657,722,937,1007,1153],"(second":[658],"layer":[659,999,1027,1046,1154],"skin,":[661,956],"below":[662],"epidermis)":[664],"chemically":[666],"signaled[4\u00b79]":[667],"organize":[669],"thickened":[671],"regions":[672],"placodes.":[674],"[8'9]":[675],"Placodes":[676],"elongate":[677],"fingerlike":[679],"projections":[680],"buds]]":[683],"(or":[684],"germsf'[).":[686],"At":[687],"stage,":[689],"primary":[691],"growth":[692,736,763,924,1089,1105],"zone":[1071],"bud":[697,714,726],"at":[699,727,1107],"its":[700,728,746,749,946,1108],"tip":[701],"(distal":[702],"end).[31113]":[703],"Proliferation":[705],"ring":[710],"around":[711],"creates":[715,899],"cylindrical":[717,902],"dimple":[718,732,772],"(invagination)":[719],"base.]?]":[729],"As":[730,1120],"descends,":[733],"stem":[739,805],"germ]:]":[743],"migrate":[744],"distal":[747],"proximal":[750],"(base)":[751],"end.]]":[752],"germ":[755],"now":[757,766,774,792],"dermal":[760,851,907,947,1021,1111,1126],"papilla,":[761,1022],"collar[13]":[769],"cavity":[777],"or":[778],"wall]].":[779],"Together,":[780],"known":[783],"follicle[3].":[787],"permanent":[793],"features":[794],"Because":[799,941],"protect":[801],"thedermal":[802],"papillae":[803],"within,":[807],"able":[810],"regenerate":[812],"virtually":[814],"unlimited":[815],"numbers":[816],"over":[819],"time.]]":[820],"might":[825,854],"be":[826,856,879],"described":[827,857],"looking":[829,859],"something":[830],"test":[833],"tube":[996],"rounded":[837],"w-shaped":[838],"base":[839,845],"instead":[840],"typical":[843],"U-shaped":[844],"(the":[846],"central":[847],"point":[848],"papilla).":[852],"It":[853],"cylinder":[1018],"tube.":[865],"concept":[867],"helpful":[880],"when":[881,1172],"visualizing":[882],"forms.":[886],"Parts":[888],"Follicle[5]":[892],"sandwich":[903],"tissue":[908],"layers.":[909],"permits:":[912],"(1)":[913],"interaction":[915],"between":[916],"dermis,":[921,1034],"(2)":[922],"indeterminate":[923],"epidermis,":[927,965],"(3)":[929],"nourishment":[931],"...":[938],"[9]":[939],"papilla":[948,1112,1127],"(tube":[949],"cylinder)":[951],"layers,":[959],"does:":[963],"outer":[964,1001,1045],"inner":[966,1058],"(that":[968],"interfaces":[969],"dermis),":[972],"dermis.":[974],"Each":[975],"layers":[978,1066],"modified":[980],"serve":[982],"function":[985],"formation":[988],"feather:":[991],"1":[993],").":[994],"epidermis]]":[1002],"descends":[1004],"lines":[1009],"(follicle":[1013],"wall)[3].":[1014],"2a).":[1016],"consists":[1024],"covering":[1030,1038],"core":[1032,1123],"thimble":[1037],"finger''[5].":[1040],"will":[1049,1060],"sheath]].":[1053],"feather!].":[1063],"termed":[1068,1093],"ramogenic":[1085],"[8.u1\u202215]":[1072],"rami":[1074],"means":[1076,1081],"branch":[1077],"genie":[1079],"forming.":[1082],"collectively":[1092],"collar[9].":[1096],"2b).":[1098],"addition":[1100],"generating":[1102],"ring-like":[1104],"base,":[1109],"source":[1115],"pulp.":[1119],"such,":[1121],"(and":[1128],"pulp)":[1131],"extension":[1134],"dermis;":[1137],"nourished]]":[1140],"artery":[1143],"has":[1145],"nerve]]":[1146],"connections":[1149],"underlying":[1152],"(So":[1158],"easy":[1161],"understand":[1163],"why":[1164],"blood":[1165],"sensitive":[1168],"bleed":[1170],"profusely":[1171],"broken.":[1173],"pulp":[1175],"actually":[1177],"living":[1179],"part":[1180],"dermis).":[1183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-10-10T17:16:08.811792","created_date":"2017-04-07T00:00:00"}
