{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2599638784","doi":null,"title":"Deciding on the Scale Granularity of Response Categories of Likert type Scales: The Case of a 21\u2011Point Scale","display_name":"Deciding on the Scale Granularity of Response Categories of Likert type Scales: The Case of a 21\u2011Point Scale","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2599638784","mag":"2599638784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.academic-publishing.org:article/1278","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://academic-publishing.org/index.php/ejbrm/article/view/1278","pdf_url":"https://academic-publishing.org/index.php/ejbrm/article/download/1278/1241","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192427","display_name":"The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods","issn_l":"1477-7029","issn":["1477-7029"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320329","host_organization_name":"Academic Conferences and Publishing International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320329"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Conferences and Publishing International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"1477-7029","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://academic-publishing.org/index.php/ejbrm/article/download/1278/1241","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040178897","display_name":"Noel James Pearse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-9845","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-9845"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203238179","display_name":"Rhodes University","ror":"https://ror.org/016sewp10","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203238179"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noel J. Pearse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rhodes University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-9845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rhodes University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203238179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040178897"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203238179"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5776,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94536038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"159","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.6840999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.6840999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.3068999946117401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-categories","display_name":"response categories","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-length","display_name":"scale length","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/questionnaire-design","display_name":"questionnaire design","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-turnover","display_name":"employee turnover","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-retention","display_name":"employee retention","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-employment","display_name":"public sector employees","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-patterns","display_name":"response patterns","score":0.3799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.8581652641296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154253687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1992046","display_name":"Thurstone scale","level":2,"score":0.7779555320739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.7393935918807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.676895022392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101266164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131821","display_name":"Rasch model","level":2,"score":0.5608110427856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5372355580329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96715788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304639","display_name":"Guttman scale","level":2,"score":0.4739275574684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.4372478127479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.39820393919944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.38853490352630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.2753843069076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21240204572677612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.11658975481987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.academic-publishing.org:article/1278","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://academic-publishing.org/index.php/ejbrm/article/view/1278","pdf_url":"https://academic-publishing.org/index.php/ejbrm/article/download/1278/1241","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192427","display_name":"The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods","issn_l":"1477-7029","issn":["1477-7029"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320329","host_organization_name":"Academic Conferences and Publishing International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320329"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Conferences and Publishing International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"1477-7029","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:2599638784","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://academic-publishing.org/index.php/ejbrm/article/view/1278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192427","display_name":"The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods","issn_l":"1477-7029","issn":["1477-7029"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320329","host_organization_name":"Academic Conferences and Publishing International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320329"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Conferences and Publishing International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.academic-publishing.org:article/1278","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://academic-publishing.org/index.php/ejbrm/article/view/1278","pdf_url":"https://academic-publishing.org/index.php/ejbrm/article/download/1278/1241","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192427","display_name":"The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods","issn_l":"1477-7029","issn":["1477-7029"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320329","host_organization_name":"Academic Conferences and Publishing International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320329"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Conferences and Publishing International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"1477-7029","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2599638784.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2599638784.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W636591796","https://openalex.org/W1482003011","https://openalex.org/W1540986002","https://openalex.org/W1580288159","https://openalex.org/W1873057782","https://openalex.org/W1964395484","https://openalex.org/W1968642314","https://openalex.org/W1971950571","https://openalex.org/W1979349344","https://openalex.org/W1982113685","https://openalex.org/W1984314602","https://openalex.org/W1986551946","https://openalex.org/W1986911624","https://openalex.org/W1991623719","https://openalex.org/W1992482167","https://openalex.org/W1994253115","https://openalex.org/W1994768639","https://openalex.org/W2003446392","https://openalex.org/W2010246904","https://openalex.org/W2017483902","https://openalex.org/W2024061256","https://openalex.org/W2027505338","https://openalex.org/W2043867338","https://openalex.org/W2055673837","https://openalex.org/W2059961458","https://openalex.org/W2074426043","https://openalex.org/W2095762164","https://openalex.org/W2098148953","https://openalex.org/W2098480850","https://openalex.org/W2100930403","https://openalex.org/W2106535079","https://openalex.org/W2115374291","https://openalex.org/W2115888041","https://openalex.org/W2116639419","https://openalex.org/W2121168102","https://openalex.org/W2124118978","https://openalex.org/W2139106273","https://openalex.org/W2152526281","https://openalex.org/W2164388704","https://openalex.org/W2322584079"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2149941633","https://openalex.org/W7098802958","https://openalex.org/W7100026693","https://openalex.org/W4283120650","https://openalex.org/W4210977292","https://openalex.org/W2915625076","https://openalex.org/W7134186474","https://openalex.org/W2277568731","https://openalex.org/W2742890528","https://openalex.org/W2313705330"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,278],"research":[1,63,330],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,12,29,42,68,77,82,109,112,133,158,163,171,186,202,219,227,232,247,258,264,282,287,292,335],"use":[4,131,161,225,242],"of":[5,14,31,44,61,70,79,105,111,132,160,162,170,189,221,226,246,284,291,307,337,340],"a":[6,15,55,71,101,243,304,325],"21\u2011point":[7,265],"Likert":[8],"type":[9],"scale":[10,56,72,193,203,233,266,321,341],"in":[11,33,90,96,118,157,185,218,281],"design":[13],"questionnaire":[16,85,326],"that":[17,51,128,150,168,179,200,212,263,295,313,328],"explores":[18],"factors":[19],"related":[20],"to":[21,41,66,99,176,208,236,241,256,269,274,302,320,333],"staff":[22],"turnover":[23],"and":[24,81,195,210,271,294,327],"retention.":[25],"The":[26,59,84],"paper":[27,64],"examines":[28],"notion":[30],"granularity":[32,39,204,322],"researcher\u2011defined":[34],"fixed":[35],"rating":[36],"scales,":[37],"where":[38],"refers":[40],"number":[43],"response":[45,135,165,172,187,248,289,308],"categories":[46,136,173,290],"or":[47],"cut":[48],"off":[49],"points":[50],"are":[52,143,153,174,197,214],"imposed":[53],"on":[54],"(Smithson":[57],"2006).":[58],"aim":[60],"this":[62],"is":[65,331],"examine":[67],"usefulness":[69],"with":[73,138,223,297],"high":[74],"granularity,":[75],"from":[76],"perspectives":[78],"respondents":[80,129,190,270],"researcher.":[83],"was":[86,114,147,234,261,267,279,311],"administered":[87],"among":[88],"employees":[89],"three":[91],"different":[92,192],"public":[93],"sector":[94],"organisations":[95],"South":[97],"Africa,":[98],"create":[100],"combined":[102],"data":[103],"set":[104],"178":[106],"respondents.":[107],"Informing":[108],"formulation":[110],"hypotheses":[113],"Parducci\u2019s":[115],"(1965":[116],"cited":[117],"Tourangeau,":[119],"Rips":[120],"&":[121],"Rasinski":[122],"2000)":[123],"range\u2011frequency":[124],"model,":[125],"which":[126],"assumes":[127],"make":[130],"various":[134,338],"available":[137],"equal":[139],"frequency,":[140],"if":[141,231],"they":[142,238,300],"evenly":[144],"spaced.":[145],"It":[146,260,310],"therefore":[148],"hypothesised":[149],"(1)":[151],"there":[152,180,213],"no":[154,183,215],"significant":[155,216],"differences":[156,217],"frequency":[159],"21":[164,288],"categories,":[166],"implying":[167,199],"all":[169],"useful":[175,235,268],"respondents;":[177],"(2)":[178],"would":[181,239],"be":[182],"difference":[184],"pattern":[188],"when":[191,323],"types":[194],"lengths":[196],"used,":[198],"increasing":[201],"did":[205],"not":[206],"lead":[207],"redundancy;":[209],"(3)":[211],"variation":[220],"responses":[222,285],"ongoing":[224],"scale.":[228],"That":[229],"is,":[230],"respondents,":[237],"continue":[240],"wide":[244,305],"range":[245,306],"options":[249],"available.":[250],"Chi\u2011square":[251],"tests":[252],"were":[253],"primarily":[254],"used":[255],"test":[257],"hypotheses.":[259],"concluded":[262],"by":[272],"implication":[273],"researchers":[275,314],"as":[276],"well.":[277],"evident":[280],"spread":[283],"across":[286],"scale,":[293],"even":[296],"prolonged":[298],"use,":[299],"continued":[301],"utilise":[303],"options.":[309],"recommended":[312],"should":[315],"give":[316],"more":[317],"explicit":[318],"attention":[319],"designing":[324],"further":[329],"required":[332],"assess":[334],"value":[336],"levels":[339],"granularity.":[342]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2017-04-07T00:00:00"}
