{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2597691971","doi":null,"title":"ESL Learner Dictionaries: A Study of Definition Difficulty","display_name":"ESL Learner Dictionaries: A Study of Definition Difficulty","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2597691971","mag":"2597691971"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu:10125/37658","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10125/37658","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10125/37658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401722","display_name":"ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","host_organization_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10125/37658","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072603240","display_name":"Peter McFarquhar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter McFarquhar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072603240"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53122068,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12353","display_name":"Lexicography and Language Studies","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12353","display_name":"Lexicography and Language Studies","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.026900000870227814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learner-s-dictionaries","display_name":"learner dictionaries","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dictionary-definitions","display_name":"dictionary definitions","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learner-preferences","display_name":"learner preferences","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dictionary-evaluation","display_name":"dictionary evaluation","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxford-advanced-learner-s-dictionary","display_name":"Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longman-dictionary-of-contemporary-english","display_name":"Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicography","display_name":"lexicography","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-second-language","display_name":"English as a second language","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dictionary-entries","display_name":"dictionary entries","score":0.3059999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.48029157519340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4433290362358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.38671302795410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.38642874360084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3358979821205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30574774742126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.14109072089195251}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu:10125/37658","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10125/37658","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10125/37658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401722","display_name":"ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","host_organization_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:2597691971","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/37658/1/Occasional%20Paper%208_McFarquhar%20%281985%29.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu:10125/37658","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10125/37658","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10125/37658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401722","display_name":"ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","host_organization_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2597691971.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2597691971.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W416527316","https://openalex.org/W625890543","https://openalex.org/W1492864333","https://openalex.org/W1569358606","https://openalex.org/W1985223972","https://openalex.org/W1987146857","https://openalex.org/W1999298729","https://openalex.org/W2007635481","https://openalex.org/W2031802274","https://openalex.org/W2038636607","https://openalex.org/W2047969851","https://openalex.org/W2066177717","https://openalex.org/W2083200952","https://openalex.org/W2164669449","https://openalex.org/W2171060149","https://openalex.org/W2478035266","https://openalex.org/W2518236279","https://openalex.org/W2564170479","https://openalex.org/W2801146020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034318020","https://openalex.org/W1968281766","https://openalex.org/W413038532","https://openalex.org/W2560447712","https://openalex.org/W2526923681","https://openalex.org/W283923732","https://openalex.org/W644876801","https://openalex.org/W2211217782","https://openalex.org/W1571960344","https://openalex.org/W3109134937"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ESL":[0,64,144,213,293],"teachers,":[1,145,150,294],"frequently":[2,151],"recommend":[3,152],"dictionaries":[4,16,153,165],"to":[5,73,136,154,222,285],"their":[6,155],"students,":[7,156],"and":[8,28,48,55,103,110,139,146,157,177,197,204,252,259,288,295],"nearly":[9,158],"every":[10,159],"learner":[11,160],"owns":[12,161],"one.":[13,162],"Although":[14,163],"many":[15,164],"may":[17,33,166,182],"seem":[18,167],"much":[19,168],"alike,":[20,169],"there":[21,170],"are":[22,148,171,297],"differences":[23,172],"in":[24,85,173,234],"the":[25,67,98,104,174,216,247,253],"defining":[26,81,175,230],"styles":[27,176],"techniques":[29,178],"they":[30,179],"employ":[31,180],"that":[32,181],"considerably":[34,183],"influence":[35,184],"how":[36,185],"useful":[37,186],"learners":[38,50,127,187,199,276],"will":[39,188],"find":[40,52,189,201],"them.":[41,190],"However,":[42,191],"just":[43,192],"what":[44,193],"sort":[45,194],"of":[46,69,77,107,125,195,218,226,256,274],"definitions":[47,196],"explanations":[49,198],"actually":[51,200],"most":[53,202],"helpful":[54,203],"understandable":[56,205],"is":[57,206],"little":[58,207],"understood.":[59,208],"To":[60,209],"investigate":[61,210],"this":[62,137,211,286],"question,":[63,212],"students":[65,214],"at":[66,215],"University":[68,217],"Hawaii":[70,219],"were":[71,90,220,239],"asked":[72,221],"evaluate":[74,223],"a":[75,111,224,260],"sample":[76,225],"entries":[78,89,130,227,238,279],"illustrating":[79,228],"different":[80,229],"practices":[82,231],"commonly":[83,232],"used":[84,113,233,262],"English":[86,235],"dictionaries.":[87,236],"The":[88,237],"taken":[91,240],"from":[92,131,241,280],"two":[93,242],"well":[94,243],"known":[95,244],"learner's":[96,245],"dictionaries,":[97,246],"Oxford":[99,248],"Advanced":[100,249],"Learner's":[101,250],"Dictionary":[102,106,251,255],"Longman":[105,254],"Contemporary":[108,257],"English,":[109,258],"widely":[112,261],"dictionary":[114,263],"for":[115,141,264,290],"native":[116,265],"speakers,":[117,266],"Webster's":[118,267],"New":[119,268],"World":[120,269],"Dictionary.":[121,270],"A":[122,271],"significart":[123,272],"majority":[124,273],"these":[126,275],"consistently":[128,277],"preferred":[129,278],"Longman.":[132,281],"Possible":[133,282],"factors":[134,283],"contributing":[135,284],"preference,":[138,287],"Implications":[140,289],"other":[142,291],"learners,":[143,292],"lexicographers":[147,296],"discussed.ESL":[149],"discussed.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2017-04-07T00:00:00"}
