{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2597625792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx038","title":"The challenging interpretation of instrumental variable estimates under monotonicity","display_name":"The challenging interpretation of instrumental variable estimates under monotonicity","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2597625792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx038","mag":"2597625792","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28379526","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6124612"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ije/dyx038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx038","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-pdf/47/4/1289/25687537/dyx038.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13389975","display_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0300-5771","issn":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-pdf/47/4/1289/25687537/dyx038.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013863352","display_name":"Sonja A. Swanson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8372-9785","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8372-9785"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801952686","display_name":"Erasmus MC","ror":"https://ror.org/018906e22","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sonja A Swanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801952686"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084268825","display_name":"Miguel \u00c1ngel Hern\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1619-8456","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1619-8456"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092658","display_name":"Harvard\u2013MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjeh629","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092658"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel A Hern\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092658","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013863352"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801952686"],"apc_list":{"value":3423,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4514},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0544,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96385187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"4","first_page":"1289","last_page":"1297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumental-variables-estimation","display_name":"instrumental variable estimation","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monotonicity-assumption","display_name":"monotonicity assumption","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgroup-effects","display_name":"subgroup effects","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mendelian-randomization","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","score":0.8029999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305","display_name":"Instrumental variable","level":2,"score":0.81865394115448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779901538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6816584","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","level":5,"score":0.7549091577529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.6736817955970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6305131912231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.6182421445846558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72169020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194404","display_name":"Monotonic function","level":2,"score":0.5674832463264465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5579921007156372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5450128316879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.46919772028923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.42484980821609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42257586121559143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.39757221937179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.32897961139678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31064456701278687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27373820543289185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15007233619689941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993967602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532932","display_name":"Genetic variants","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010818","descriptor_name":"Practice Patterns, Physicians'","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014644","descriptor_name":"Genetic Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057182","descriptor_name":"Mendelian Randomization Analysis","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ije/dyx038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx038","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-pdf/47/4/1289/25687537/dyx038.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13389975","display_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0300-5771","issn":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5618528","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6124612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6124612","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6124612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Epidemiol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:28379526","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28379526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of epidemiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.eur.nl:openaire/6fa0dbe8-7eb8-4751-bb02-24e6bb097ad0","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/6fa0dbe8-7eb8-4751-bb02-24e6bb097ad0","pdf_url":"https://pure.eur.nl/ws/files/47967894/dyx038.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401266","display_name":"EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Swanson, S & Hernan, MA 2018, 'The challenging interpretation of instrumental variable estimates under monotonicity', International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1289-1297. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx038","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:eur:oai:pure.eur.nl:publications/6fa0dbe8-7eb8-4751-bb02-24e6bb097ad0","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/6fa0dbe8-7eb8-4751-bb02-24e6bb097ad0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401266","display_name":"EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(4), 1289 - 1297. Oxford University Press","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:eur:oai:repub.eur.nl:114102","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1765/114102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196287","display_name":"RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(4), 1289 - 1297","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repub.eur.nl:114102","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://repub.eur.nl/pub/114102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196287","display_name":"RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology vol. 47 no. 4, pp. 1289-1297","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ije/dyx038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx038","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-pdf/47/4/1289/25687537/dyx038.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13389975","display_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0300-5771","issn":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2390736250","display_name":"Understanding the dynamic determinants of glucose homeostasis and social capability to promote Healthy and active aging","funder_award_id":"633595","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G490277885","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"633595","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G522893879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-PHC-2014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G579029525","display_name":"Dynamic strategies for the clinical management of HIV disease","funder_award_id":"R01AI102634","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5911840264","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-PHC-2014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6736258786","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-PHC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000251460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AI102634","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2597625792.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2597625792.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1470792364","https://openalex.org/W1544922639","https://openalex.org/W1665228730","https://openalex.org/W1847771980","https://openalex.org/W2023492742","https://openalex.org/W2026638921","https://openalex.org/W2066991456","https://openalex.org/W2085224165","https://openalex.org/W2085227190","https://openalex.org/W2090606108","https://openalex.org/W2097040757","https://openalex.org/W2104780889","https://openalex.org/W2114245126","https://openalex.org/W2119268938","https://openalex.org/W2138290169","https://openalex.org/W2146050890","https://openalex.org/W2155827262","https://openalex.org/W2169711166","https://openalex.org/W2181797145","https://openalex.org/W2187735735","https://openalex.org/W2256016639","https://openalex.org/W2285375783","https://openalex.org/W2315289383","https://openalex.org/W2330290021","https://openalex.org/W2410190751","https://openalex.org/W2769868029","https://openalex.org/W2949540592","https://openalex.org/W2970567995","https://openalex.org/W2972989495","https://openalex.org/W3081110727","https://openalex.org/W3098039677","https://openalex.org/W3121366158","https://openalex.org/W3188713577","https://openalex.org/W6691995666"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7025048715","https://openalex.org/W7098196021","https://openalex.org/W2769868029","https://openalex.org/W300043536","https://openalex.org/W2163587506","https://openalex.org/W7129180432","https://openalex.org/W3115772663","https://openalex.org/W2146050890","https://openalex.org/W7223094727","https://openalex.org/W2159240563"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Instrumental":[1],"variable":[2],"(IV)":[3],"methods":[4],"are":[5,62,166],"often":[6],"used":[7],"to":[8,52,92,134,146],"identify":[9],"'local'":[10,22,45,187],"causal":[11,83,174,197],"effects":[12,23],"in":[13,60,71,104,170,209,217,224],"a":[14,186],"subgroup":[15,110,132],"of":[16,19,111,124,130,142,173,179,213,221],"the":[17,36,99,112,115,122,128,135,140,143,156,171,193,210,219],"population":[18,113],"interest.":[20],"Such":[21],"may":[24],"not":[25],"be":[26,150],"ideal":[27],"for":[28,43,66,161],"informing":[29,225],"clinical":[30],"or":[31,125,198],"policy":[32],"decision":[33],"making.":[34],"When":[35],"instrument":[37,195],"is":[38,196],"non-causal,":[39],"additional":[40],"difficulties":[41],"arise":[42],"interpreting":[44],"effects.":[46],"Little":[47],"attention":[48],"has":[49],"been":[50],"paid":[51],"these":[53,163],"difficulties,":[54],"even":[55],"though":[56],"commonly":[57],"proposed":[58,194],"instruments":[59,86],"epidemiology":[61],"non-causal":[63,85],"(e.g.":[64],"proxies":[65],"physician's":[67],"preference;":[68],"genetic":[69],"variants":[70],"some":[72],"Mendelian":[73],"randomization":[74],"studies).":[75],"Methods:":[76],"For":[77],"IV":[78,181,214,222],"estimates":[79,102,223],"obtained":[80,103],"from":[81,148],"both":[82],"and":[84,159,202,216],"under":[87,183],"monotonicity,":[88],"we":[89,119],"present":[90],"results":[91,201,215],"help":[93,208],"investigators":[94],"pose":[95],"four":[96,164],"questions":[97,165],"about":[98],"local":[100],"effect":[101,116,144,188],"their":[105],"studies.":[106],"(1)":[107],"To":[108],"what":[109],"does":[114],"pertain?":[117],"Can":[118,139],"(2)":[120],"estimate":[121,145,182],"size":[123],"(3)":[126],"describe":[127],"characteristics":[129],"this":[131],"relative":[133],"study":[136],"population?":[137],"(4)":[138],"sensitivity":[141],"deviations":[147],"monotonicity":[149,184],"quantified?":[151],"Results:":[152],"We":[153],"show":[154],"that":[155],"common":[157],"interpretations":[158],"approaches":[160],"answering":[162],"generally":[167],"only":[168],"appropriate":[169],"case":[172],"instruments.":[175],"Conclusions:":[176],"Appropriate":[177],"interpretation":[178],"an":[180],"as":[185],"critically":[189],"depends":[190],"on":[191],"whether":[192],"non-causal.":[199],"The":[200],"formal":[203],"proofs":[204],"presented":[205],"here":[206],"can":[207],"transparent":[211],"reporting":[212],"enhancing":[218],"use":[220],"decision-making":[226],"efforts.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2017-04-07T00:00:00"}
