{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2594478480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10","title":"Microgravity protein crystallization","display_name":"Microgravity protein crystallization","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2594478480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10","mag":"2594478480","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28725714","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5515504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/npjmgrav201510.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211936","display_name":"npj Microgravity","issn_l":"2373-8065","issn":["2373-8065"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Microgravity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/npjmgrav201510.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018057371","display_name":"Alexander McPherson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5123-6433","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5123-6433","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8579-8709"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander McPherson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069174677","display_name":"Lawrence J. DeLucas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2930-1013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2930-1013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence James DeLucas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama at Birmingham, Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, Birmingham, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, Birmingham, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069174677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"],"apc_list":{"value":3690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":{"value":3690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3690},"fwci":0.1748,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":113,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22077922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"15010","last_page":"15010"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11162","display_name":"Enzyme Structure and Function","score":0.9229000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11162","display_name":"Enzyme Structure and Function","score":0.9229000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11881","display_name":"Crystallization and Solubility Studies","score":0.06430000066757202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12005","display_name":"Spaceflight effects on biology","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgravity","display_name":"microgravity","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-crystallization","display_name":"protein crystallization","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spaceflight","display_name":"spaceflight","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x-ray-crystallography","display_name":"X-ray crystallography","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystalline-quality","display_name":"crystal quality","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-engineering","display_name":"protein engineering","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/site-directed-mutagenesis","display_name":"site-directed mutagenesis","score":0.843999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203036418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284256","display_name":"Crystallization","level":2,"score":0.8996805548667908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153064111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1281033","display_name":"Protein crystallization","level":3,"score":0.7970492839813232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204389451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178593","display_name":"Macromolecule","level":2,"score":0.5887210369110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24107716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123619","display_name":"Nucleic acid","level":2,"score":0.48902687430381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155574463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170731","display_name":"Solubility","level":2,"score":0.4858214855194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.4774373471736908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.43226560950279236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4084855318069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.36592766642570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.34274595975875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.22289714217185974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.10974285006523132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/npjmgrav201510.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211936","display_name":"npj Microgravity","issn_l":"2373-8065","issn":["2373-8065"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Microgravity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5515504","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5515504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Microgravity","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:28725714","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28725714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ microgravity","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6pz0j75m","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6pz0j75m","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Microgravity, vol 1, iss 1","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt76q5c4vr","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/76q5c4vr","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Microgravity, vol 1, iss 1","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/npjmgrav201510.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211936","display_name":"npj Microgravity","issn_l":"2373-8065","issn":["2373-8065"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Microgravity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2594478480.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2594478480.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W233967725","https://openalex.org/W310919935","https://openalex.org/W1512655468","https://openalex.org/W1529630921","https://openalex.org/W1534922344","https://openalex.org/W1537954176","https://openalex.org/W1575103504","https://openalex.org/W1584531376","https://openalex.org/W1593630258","https://openalex.org/W1679954128","https://openalex.org/W1964400133","https://openalex.org/W1965571863","https://openalex.org/W1965911412","https://openalex.org/W1973238993","https://openalex.org/W1973341137","https://openalex.org/W1976681078","https://openalex.org/W1978258457","https://openalex.org/W1978922041","https://openalex.org/W1981125146","https://openalex.org/W1983167267","https://openalex.org/W1984552686","https://openalex.org/W1986545144","https://openalex.org/W1987176859","https://openalex.org/W1987644688","https://openalex.org/W1989626941","https://openalex.org/W1991971379","https://openalex.org/W1992856730","https://openalex.org/W1997079100","https://openalex.org/W1999693512","https://openalex.org/W2003003371","https://openalex.org/W2003127473","https://openalex.org/W2005494547","https://openalex.org/W2006921219","https://openalex.org/W2007183794","https://openalex.org/W2010768476","https://openalex.org/W2011050916","https://openalex.org/W2011566354","https://openalex.org/W2011780960","https://openalex.org/W2015726028","https://openalex.org/W2016775731","https://openalex.org/W2017338449","https://openalex.org/W2020624118","https://openalex.org/W2021018307","https://openalex.org/W2022095207","https://openalex.org/W2022880478","https://openalex.org/W2024491132","https://openalex.org/W2025693015","https://openalex.org/W2029946371","https://openalex.org/W2038380980","https://openalex.org/W2041884343","https://openalex.org/W2043916800","https://openalex.org/W2044902269","https://openalex.org/W2048842088","https://openalex.org/W2050287825","https://openalex.org/W2050849661","https://openalex.org/W2052136137","https://openalex.org/W2053246850","https://openalex.org/W2054568567","https://openalex.org/W2055298717","https://openalex.org/W2056263950","https://openalex.org/W2058686371","https://openalex.org/W2058718629","https://openalex.org/W2059486430","https://openalex.org/W2061782440","https://openalex.org/W2062954266","https://openalex.org/W2065600894","https://openalex.org/W2066056460","https://openalex.org/W2066843708","https://openalex.org/W2067001295","https://openalex.org/W2068124270","https://openalex.org/W2068762473","https://openalex.org/W2069503226","https://openalex.org/W2072066743","https://openalex.org/W2076577280","https://openalex.org/W2076874533","https://openalex.org/W2083143710","https://openalex.org/W2083575483","https://openalex.org/W2085070731","https://openalex.org/W2086721248","https://openalex.org/W2088222284","https://openalex.org/W2088496113","https://openalex.org/W2089214308","https://openalex.org/W2090757663","https://openalex.org/W2101839072","https://openalex.org/W2106741943","https://openalex.org/W2108612118","https://openalex.org/W2113290656","https://openalex.org/W2113576010","https://openalex.org/W2114095662","https://openalex.org/W2115267298","https://openalex.org/W2126495969","https://openalex.org/W2129998828","https://openalex.org/W2131958628","https://openalex.org/W2142382027","https://openalex.org/W2143441462","https://openalex.org/W2144198590","https://openalex.org/W2144908939","https://openalex.org/W2147473535","https://openalex.org/W2162818943","https://openalex.org/W2319433972","https://openalex.org/W2326204558","https://openalex.org/W2326526335","https://openalex.org/W2403292786","https://openalex.org/W2485560134","https://openalex.org/W2487291155","https://openalex.org/W3000525006","https://openalex.org/W3174420783","https://openalex.org/W4247499088","https://openalex.org/W4255331927","https://openalex.org/W4297967299","https://openalex.org/W4302045232","https://openalex.org/W4307979475"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1644543676","https://openalex.org/W7070764653","https://openalex.org/W2387305932","https://openalex.org/W2403292786","https://openalex.org/W2056885106","https://openalex.org/W3094672815","https://openalex.org/W2057457335","https://openalex.org/W2058718629","https://openalex.org/W3156031144","https://openalex.org/W1987493469"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,15,20,41,45,58,127,140],"past":[2],"20":[3],"years":[4,32],"a":[5,53,118,135],"variety":[6],"of":[7,22,40,60,84,94,112,117,129,137,139],"technological":[8],"advances":[9],"in":[10],"X-ray":[11,99],"crystallography":[12],"have":[13,76],"shortened":[14],"time":[16],"required":[17],"to":[18,33,47,70,97,105,121],"determine":[19],"structures":[21],"large":[23],"macromolecules":[24],"(i.e.,":[25],"proteins":[26,85],"and":[27,74,144],"nucleic":[28],"acids)":[29],"from":[30],"several":[31,34],"weeks":[35],"or":[36,91],"days.":[37],"However,":[38],"one":[39],"remaining":[42],"challenges":[43],"is":[44],"ability":[46],"produce":[48],"diffraction-quality":[49],"crystals":[50,93],"suitable":[51],"for":[52],"detailed":[54],"structural":[55],"analysis.":[56],"Although":[57],"development":[59],"automated":[61],"crystallization":[62,78,145],"systems":[63,143],"combined":[64],"with":[65,134],"protein":[66,72],"engineering":[67],"(site-directed":[68],"mutagenesis":[69],"enhance":[71],"solubility":[73],"crystallization)":[75],"improved":[77],"success":[79],"rates,":[80],"there":[81],"remain":[82],"hundreds":[83],"that":[86],"either":[87],"cannot":[88],"be":[89],"crystallized":[90],"yield":[92],"insufficient":[95],"quality":[96],"support":[98],"structure":[100],"determination.":[101],"In":[102],"an":[103,109],"attempt":[104],"address":[106],"this":[107,130],"bottleneck,":[108],"international":[110,131],"group":[111],"scientists":[113],"has":[114],"explored":[115],"use":[116],"microgravity":[119],"environment":[120],"crystallize":[122],"macromolecules.":[123],"This":[124],"paper":[125],"summarizes":[126],"history":[128],"initiative":[132],"along":[133],"description":[136],"some":[138],"flight":[141],"hardware":[142],"results.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2017-03-16T00:00:00"}