{"id":"https://openalex.org/W259338045","doi":null,"title":"The Tsunami of April 1, 1946","display_name":"The Tsunami of April 1, 1946","publication_year":1949,"publication_date":"1949-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W259338045","mag":"259338045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt89040915","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89040915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027569597","display_name":"Francis Parker Shepard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis P. Shepard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101422654","display_name":"Gordon Andrew Macdonald","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon A. Macdonald","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034840868","display_name":"Doak C. Cox","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doak C. Cox","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03244838,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14146","display_name":"Earthquake and Tsunami Effects","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14146","display_name":"Earthquake and Tsunami Effects","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10110","display_name":"earthquake and tectonic studies","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13800","display_name":"Earthquake and Disaster Impact Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hawaiian-islands","display_name":"Hawaiian Islands","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unimak-island","display_name":"Unimak Island","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tsunami-propagation","display_name":"tsunami propagation","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tsunami-impact","display_name":"tsunami damage","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tsunami-warning-systems","display_name":"tsunami warning systems","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seawalls","display_name":"seawalls","score":0.6579999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.8154319524765015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152382732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468756","display_name":"Shore","level":2,"score":0.7784082293510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.6240686774253845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32239851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7846538","display_name":"Trough (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5783221125602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108628306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185411","display_name":"Swell","level":2,"score":0.5771052837371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48880136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864673","display_name":"Crest","level":2,"score":0.5599175691604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77044568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184358","display_name":"Reef","level":2,"score":0.5547036528587341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32277403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740445","display_name":"Ridge","level":2,"score":0.5496809482574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.5423200726509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123588078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34763","display_name":"Peninsula","level":2,"score":0.4768218398094177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.4747655391693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121327165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2811","display_name":"Submarine","level":2,"score":0.4705558121204376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37246793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93318","display_name":"Nautical mile","level":2,"score":0.44254520535469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70620910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821563","display_name":"Wave height","level":2,"score":0.4108359217643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2846429944038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.2814978361129761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.1312364637851715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt89040915","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89040915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt89040915","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/89040915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Shepard, F P; Macdonald, G A; &amp; Cox, D C. (1949). The Tsunami of April 1, 1946. Scripps Institution of Oceanography. UC San Diego: Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/89040915","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:259338045","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89040915.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764997618","display_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2766048850","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt89040915/qt89040915.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2766048850","https://openalex.org/W134391956","https://openalex.org/W2065934328","https://openalex.org/W7096077768","https://openalex.org/W2592073091","https://openalex.org/W2754848272","https://openalex.org/W2334293720","https://openalex.org/W2088187152","https://openalex.org/W2150632352","https://openalex.org/W2059017451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,35,75,237],"tsunami":[1,233,245],"which":[2,65,152],"devastated":[3],"the":[4,7,20,24,28,62,80,91,96,125,127,131,134,150,155,160,176,190,225,228,232,243,259,348,368,376,382,391,394,402,405],"shores":[5,85,132,182,291],"of":[6,19,27,32,45,54,79,124,133,149,162,178,192,227,231,299,318,334,355,375,384,393,404],"Hawaiian":[8,84,290],"Islands":[9],"on":[10,23,83,95,130,146,224,346,372,398],"April":[11],"1,":[12],"1946,":[13],"was":[14],"caused":[15],"by":[16,184,254,270,309,316,327,344,362,387],"a":[17,51,59,364],"movement":[18],"sea":[21,64,110,320],"bottom":[22],"northern":[25],"slope":[26],"Aleutian":[29],"Trough,":[30],"south":[31],"Unimak":[33],"Island.":[34],"waves":[36,92,128,222,386],"traveled":[37],"southward":[38],"to":[39,68,102,172,252,268,294,336],"Hawaii":[40],"with":[41,98,322],"an":[42,49],"average":[43],"speed":[44],"roughly":[46],"490":[47],"miles":[48],"hour,":[50],"wave":[52,81,156],"length":[53],"nearly":[55,208],"100":[56],"miles,":[57],"and":[58,77,101,116,137,158,188,217,263,343,397],"height":[60,76],"in":[61,242,247,258,312,330,351],"open":[63,323],"is":[66,122,140],"thought":[67],"have":[69,282],"been":[70],"2":[71],"feet":[72,108],"or":[73,207,339,360,381],"less.":[74],"violence":[78,100],"attack":[82],"varied":[86],"greatly:":[87],"at":[88,159,175,189],"some":[89,284],"points":[90],"dashed":[93],"up":[94],"shore":[97,388],"great":[99,105],"heights":[103,126],"as":[104,106],"55":[107],"above":[109],"level;":[111],"elsewhere":[112],"they":[113,281],"rose":[114],"slowly":[115],"without":[117,198],"turbulence.":[118],"A":[119],"detailed":[120],"account":[121],"given":[123],"reached":[129],"major":[135],"islands,":[136],"damage":[138,241,253,269,285,296],"done":[139],"described.":[141],"Waves":[142,202],"were":[143,153,203],"generally":[144],"highest":[145],"those":[147,249],"sides":[148],"islands":[151,210,400],"toward":[154],"origin,":[157],"heads":[161,177],"sub-":[163],"marine":[164],"ridges":[165],"projecting":[166,194],"into":[167,195],"deep":[168,196],"water.":[169],"They":[170],"tended":[171],"be":[173,307,358],"lower":[174],"submarine":[179,200],"valleys,":[180],"along":[181],"protected":[183],"wide":[185],"coral":[186],"reefs,":[187],"ends":[191],"peninsulas":[193],"water":[197,379],"corresponding":[199],"ridges.":[201],"refracted":[204],"around":[205,215,390],"circular":[206,209],"much":[211],"more":[212],"effectively":[213],"than":[214],"elongate":[216],"rectangular":[218],"islands.":[219],"Locally,":[220],"storm":[221],"superimposed":[223],"crest":[226],"broader":[229],"swells":[230],"did":[234],"considerable":[235],"damage.":[236],"areas":[238,333],"suffering":[239],"heavy":[240],"1946":[244],"are":[246,266,277,292],"general":[248],"most":[250],"subject":[251,267,293],"future":[255,304],"tsunamis":[256,271,298,305],"originating":[257],"North":[260],"Pacific.":[261],"Eastern":[262],"southern":[264],"coasts":[265,276],"from":[272,286,297,303],"South":[273],"America.":[274],"Western":[275],"comparatively":[278],"safe,":[279],"although":[280],"suffered":[283],"Japanese":[287],"tsunamis.":[288],"All":[289],"possible":[295],"local":[300],"origin.":[301],"Damage":[302],"can":[306,357],"lessened":[308,359],"avoiding":[310],"construction":[311,317,329],"known":[313],"danger":[314,335],"areas;":[315],"suitable":[319,365],"walls,":[321],"strips":[324],"behind":[325],"them;":[326],"limiting":[328],"heavily":[331],"populated":[332],"reinforced":[337],"concrete":[338],"other":[340],"wave-resistant":[341],"structures;":[342],"raising":[345],"stilts":[347],"frame":[349],"structures":[350],"rural":[352],"areas.":[353],"Loss":[354],"life":[356],"eliminated":[361],"establishing":[363],"warning":[366],"system,":[367],"warnings":[369],"being":[370],"based":[371],"instrumental":[373],"detection":[374],"small":[377],"preliminary":[378],"wave,":[380],"observation":[383],"ocean":[385],"stations":[389],"borders":[392],"Pacific":[395],"Ocean":[396],"mid-Pacific":[399],"nearer":[401],"origin":[403],"waves.":[406]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
