{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2592804377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","title":"Antitrust and Competition in Health Care Markets","display_name":"Antitrust and Competition in Health Care Markets","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2592804377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","mag":"2592804377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072869029","display_name":"Martin Gaynor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9291-2677","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9291-2677"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Gaynor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083222994","display_name":"William B. Vogt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Vogt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.03689999878406525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-law","display_name":"competition law","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-market","display_name":"health care market","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitals","display_name":"hospitals","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-definition","display_name":"market definition","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anticompetitive-conduct","display_name":"anticompetitive practices","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-of-reason","display_name":"rule of reason","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certificate-of-need-laws","display_name":"certificate of need","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-planning","display_name":"health planning","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-regulation","display_name":"health care regulation","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welfare-analysis","display_name":"welfare analysis","score":0.5680000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7093493342399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5263710618019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.45506876707077026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.38558679819107056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.30274587869644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0715559720993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2592804377.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2592804377.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":167,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6229779","https://openalex.org/W69958992","https://openalex.org/W73338350","https://openalex.org/W79670813","https://openalex.org/W79948616","https://openalex.org/W81084014","https://openalex.org/W115550716","https://openalex.org/W116408447","https://openalex.org/W175823215","https://openalex.org/W206702217","https://openalex.org/W207308276","https://openalex.org/W645693888","https://openalex.org/W1145122008","https://openalex.org/W1485676192","https://openalex.org/W1487510331","https://openalex.org/W1490716625","https://openalex.org/W1492203721","https://openalex.org/W1496065418","https://openalex.org/W1501631433","https://openalex.org/W1504454381","https://openalex.org/W1506615154","https://openalex.org/W1506782728","https://openalex.org/W1510323931","https://openalex.org/W1514324110","https://openalex.org/W1533766089","https://openalex.org/W1536894491","https://openalex.org/W1548299383","https://openalex.org/W1551186209","https://openalex.org/W1554707532","https://openalex.org/W1555661527","https://openalex.org/W1556365493","https://openalex.org/W1563673657","https://openalex.org/W1574900540","https://openalex.org/W1582550534","https://openalex.org/W1589085228","https://openalex.org/W1590481350","https://openalex.org/W1598018584","https://openalex.org/W1601001546","https://openalex.org/W1601681571","https://openalex.org/W1802818861","https://openalex.org/W1810542881","https://openalex.org/W1889612543","https://openalex.org/W1964694346","https://openalex.org/W1966384122","https://openalex.org/W1967419705","https://openalex.org/W1967527359","https://openalex.org/W1967845336","https://openalex.org/W1970355853","https://openalex.org/W1972897310","https://openalex.org/W1973308529","https://openalex.org/W1974363893","https://openalex.org/W1976093702","https://openalex.org/W1977483493","https://openalex.org/W1978650028","https://openalex.org/W1978907431","https://openalex.org/W1983802600","https://openalex.org/W1986866591","https://openalex.org/W1990317804","https://openalex.org/W1992314822","https://openalex.org/W1994148618","https://openalex.org/W1995061237","https://openalex.org/W1996843701","https://openalex.org/W1997229757","https://openalex.org/W1997738930","https://openalex.org/W1999783119","https://openalex.org/W2001654129","https://openalex.org/W2003198866","https://openalex.org/W2003546238","https://openalex.org/W2005293174","https://openalex.org/W2006017582","https://openalex.org/W2007235127","https://openalex.org/W2007413532","https://openalex.org/W2008812992","https://openalex.org/W2011008073","https://openalex.org/W2015525972","https://openalex.org/W2015930340","https://openalex.org/W2016247579","https://openalex.org/W2018243754","https://openalex.org/W2020486659","https://openalex.org/W2023526703","https://openalex.org/W2031082369","https://openalex.org/W2033406437","https://openalex.org/W2033444893","https://openalex.org/W2034705136","https://openalex.org/W2035339081","https://openalex.org/W2036512396","https://openalex.org/W2038642825","https://openalex.org/W2039500111","https://openalex.org/W2043015032","https://openalex.org/W2043021768","https://openalex.org/W2043593255","https://openalex.org/W2044134462","https://openalex.org/W2044648126","https://openalex.org/W2045433022","https://openalex.org/W2046508802","https://openalex.org/W2053511614","https://openalex.org/W2060833999","https://openalex.org/W2067949097","https://openalex.org/W2068273069","https://openalex.org/W2073278597","https://openalex.org/W2074092150","https://openalex.org/W2074162200","https://openalex.org/W2074349742","https://openalex.org/W2076906394","https://openalex.org/W2079431496","https://openalex.org/W2081449012","https://openalex.org/W2081557049","https://openalex.org/W2087940273","https://openalex.org/W2088953989","https://openalex.org/W2090195804","https://openalex.org/W2092400495","https://openalex.org/W2093714429","https://openalex.org/W2093953055","https://openalex.org/W2094942778","https://openalex.org/W2095562751","https://openalex.org/W2097109038","https://openalex.org/W2101848965","https://openalex.org/W2121034459","https://openalex.org/W2126604894","https://openalex.org/W2149622048","https://openalex.org/W2149687316","https://openalex.org/W2151299645","https://openalex.org/W2151914400","https://openalex.org/W2156558082","https://openalex.org/W2164815158","https://openalex.org/W2321519539","https://openalex.org/W2322856631","https://openalex.org/W2328072584","https://openalex.org/W2331147557","https://openalex.org/W2411357373","https://openalex.org/W2414173119","https://openalex.org/W2418108724","https://openalex.org/W2418945014","https://openalex.org/W2890847024","https://openalex.org/W2891907176","https://openalex.org/W3021443729","https://openalex.org/W3024033332","https://openalex.org/W3035509303","https://openalex.org/W3045557582","https://openalex.org/W3122023669","https://openalex.org/W3122078615","https://openalex.org/W3122268856","https://openalex.org/W3122523221","https://openalex.org/W3122866027","https://openalex.org/W3123010426","https://openalex.org/W3123184377","https://openalex.org/W3123479229","https://openalex.org/W3123550899","https://openalex.org/W3124201178","https://openalex.org/W3124482580","https://openalex.org/W3124747328","https://openalex.org/W3125799873","https://openalex.org/W3173131186","https://openalex.org/W3193575196","https://openalex.org/W3208766383","https://openalex.org/W3209468188","https://openalex.org/W3210766508","https://openalex.org/W4245156943","https://openalex.org/W4256132792","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4321359635","https://openalex.org/W6603232521","https://openalex.org/W6635523610","https://openalex.org/W6635867456","https://openalex.org/W6636111346","https://openalex.org/W6654514807","https://openalex.org/W6672261144"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7113268092","https://openalex.org/W4310349419","https://openalex.org/W7099633553","https://openalex.org/W7055459487","https://openalex.org/W2790074290","https://openalex.org/W2057822779","https://openalex.org/W2172299092","https://openalex.org/W7154887665","https://openalex.org/W2102596928","https://openalex.org/W2010108121"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,34],"U.S.":[1],"health":[2,72,82,107,142,156,215,233,314,337,344],"care":[3,44,83,108,216,315,338,345],"system":[4],"is":[5,120,146,243,254,348],"organized":[6],"around":[7],"markets.":[8,129,217,346],"There":[9],"has,":[10],"however,":[11],"been":[12,41,86,262],"ongoing":[13],"concern":[14,39],"about":[15],"the":[16,79,116,124,182,205,210,223,228,269,283,288,332],"functioning":[17,126],"of":[18,28,54,69,127,161,170,184,207,212,285,294,334,353,364],"these":[19,29,55,128],"markets,":[20,339],"so":[21,23],"much":[22,112],"that":[24],"some":[25,308],"have":[26,57,85,93,137],"despaired":[27],"markets":[30,45,84,109,266,300,312],"working":[31],"at":[32],"all.":[33],"policy":[35,105,136],"response":[36],"to":[37,48,59,88,122,148,214,258,282],"this":[38,198,324],"has":[40,110,261],"disjointed.":[42],"Health":[43],"are":[46,175,267,301],"subject":[47,87],"many":[49],"regulations":[50],"and":[51,66,101,134,153,164,209,226,235,238,247,251,274,296,303,317,356,361],"interventions.":[52],"Some":[53],"policies":[56,100],"attempted":[58],"substitute":[60],"regulation":[61],"for":[62,268,313,366],"competition,":[63],"regulating":[64],"entry":[65],"investment":[67],"(certificate":[68],"need":[70],"laws,":[71],"planning)":[73],"or":[74],"price":[75],"(all-payer":[76],"regulation).":[77],"At":[78],"same":[80],"time,":[81],"antitrust":[89,135,154,213,239,263,289,297,335],"enforcement.":[90],"Recent":[91],"years":[92],"seen":[94],"a":[95,131,188,351,359,362],"shift":[96],"away":[97],"from":[98,187,195,232,311,323],"regulatory":[99],"toward":[102],"competition.":[103],"Antitrust":[104,119],"towards":[106],"become":[111,138],"more":[113],"vigorous":[114],"since":[115],"early":[117],"1970s.":[118],"intended":[121],"ensure":[123],"efficient":[125],"As":[130],"consequence,":[132],"competition":[133,152,208,295],"prominent":[139],"issues":[140,150,160,203,225,293,342],"in":[141,151,155,204,256,298,307,336,343],"policy.":[143],"Economic":[144],"research":[145,202],"vital":[147],"addressing":[149],"care.":[157],"This":[158,253,347],"includes":[159,180],"market":[162],"definition":[163],"detecting":[165],"anticompetitive":[166,286],"conduct.":[167],"In":[168,197,326],"rule":[169],"reason":[171],"cases,":[172],"where":[173,259],"benefits":[174],"weighed":[176],"against":[177,191],"costs,":[178],"it":[179],"measuring":[181],"loss":[183],"welfare":[185],"resulting":[186,194],"particular":[189],"practice":[190],"any":[192],"gains":[193],"it.":[196],"chapter":[199],"we":[200,320,329],"consider":[201],"analysis":[206],"application":[211],"We":[218],"outline":[219],"our":[220],"views":[221],"on":[222,245],"analytical":[224],"review":[227],"relevant":[229],"literatures":[230],"both":[231],"economics":[234],"industrial":[236],"organization":[237],"generally.":[240],"Our":[241],"focus":[242],"mainly":[244],"hospitals":[246,250],"interactions":[248],"between":[249],"insurers.":[252],"due,":[255],"part,":[257],"there":[260],"activity.":[264],"Physician":[265],"most":[270],"part":[271],"very":[272],"unconcentrated,":[273],"as":[275,318],"such":[276],"they":[277,305],"do":[278],"not":[279],"lend":[280],"themselves":[281],"kinds":[284],"conduct":[287],"laws":[290],"prohibit.":[291],"Although":[292],"pharmaceutical":[299],"fascinating":[302],"important,":[304],"differ":[306],"fundamental":[309],"ways":[310],"services,":[316],"such,":[319],"exclude":[321],"them":[322],"chapter.":[325],"what":[327],"follows":[328],"first":[330],"discuss":[331],"optimality":[333],"then":[340],"horizontal":[341],"followed":[349],"by":[350,358],"discussion":[352],"vertical":[354],"issues,":[355],"finally,":[357],"conclusion":[360],"set":[363],"recommendations":[365],"future":[367],"research.":[368]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2017-03-16T00:00:00"}
