{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2591899807","doi":null,"title":"The Relationship Among Post-traumatic Growth, Religious Commitment, and Optimism in Adult Liberian Former Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Traumatized by War-related Events","display_name":"The Relationship Among Post-traumatic Growth, Religious Commitment, and Optimism in Adult Liberian Former Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Traumatized by War-related Events","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2591899807","mag":"2591899807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:stars.library.ucf.edu:etd-6071","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172555","display_name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","issn_l":"2576-0017","issn":["2576-0017","2576-0025"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5071","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086424668","display_name":"Hannah Emma Acquaye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1403-698X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1403-698X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hannah E. Acquaye","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086424668"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.746,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74207614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.43650001287460327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.43650001287460327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10762","display_name":"Migration, Health and Trauma","score":0.37040001153945923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12485","display_name":"Optimism, Hope, and Well-being","score":0.06270000338554382,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-traumatic-growth","display_name":"posttraumatic growth","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-commitment","display_name":"religious commitment","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimism","display_name":"optimism","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberian-refugees","display_name":"Liberian refugees","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internally-displaced-persons","display_name":"internally displaced persons","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posttraumatic-stress-disorder","display_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-trauma","display_name":"war trauma","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broaden-and-build-theory","display_name":"broaden-and-build theory","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-emotions","display_name":"positive emotions","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraumatization","display_name":"retraumatization","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ebola-virus","display_name":"Ebola virus","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberian-civil-war","display_name":"Liberian civil war","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monrovia","display_name":"Monrovia","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugee-mental-health","display_name":"refugee mental health","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"resilience","score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning-making","display_name":"meaning-making","score":0.4699999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.8132407069206238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6827138066291809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204017024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485446","display_name":"Optimism","level":2,"score":0.5917303562164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13934251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145466","display_name":"Internally displaced person","level":3,"score":0.5749877691268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.5712506771087646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5040406584739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.4672543704509735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.40573570132255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.33534151315689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2754368185997009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1314084827899933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1110515296459198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.10376814007759094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:stars.library.ucf.edu:etd-6071","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172555","display_name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","issn_l":"2576-0017","issn":["2576-0017","2576-0025"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2591899807","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6071&context=etd","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:stars.library.ucf.edu:etd-6071","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172555","display_name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","issn_l":"2576-0017","issn":["2576-0017","2576-0025"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5473999977111816}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":174,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38293527","https://openalex.org/W79023445","https://openalex.org/W224224168","https://openalex.org/W227576897","https://openalex.org/W280932718","https://openalex.org/W298405560","https://openalex.org/W602672077","https://openalex.org/W633943649","https://openalex.org/W865166713","https://openalex.org/W1017098873","https://openalex.org/W1161478340","https://openalex.org/W1202661401","https://openalex.org/W1506212643","https://openalex.org/W1510564887","https://openalex.org/W1524728379","https://openalex.org/W1553206996","https://openalex.org/W1554285338","https://openalex.org/W1564206379","https://openalex.org/W1575698009","https://openalex.org/W1581311456","https://openalex.org/W1602102832","https://openalex.org/W1641803535","https://openalex.org/W1668939063","https://openalex.org/W1682868583","https://openalex.org/W1720325067","https://openalex.org/W1744666481","https://openalex.org/W1746951143","https://openalex.org/W1769915575","https://openalex.org/W1789288716","https://openalex.org/W1821547162","https://openalex.org/W1827365864","https://openalex.org/W1836311887","https://openalex.org/W1857239282","https://openalex.org/W1921138936","https://openalex.org/W1923234368","https://openalex.org/W1964459325","https://openalex.org/W1964799535","https://openalex.org/W1965613249","https://openalex.org/W1967819066","https://openalex.org/W1969348782","https://openalex.org/W1970473890","https://openalex.org/W1971896998","https://openalex.org/W1972624077","https://openalex.org/W1976967152","https://openalex.org/W1981840524","https://openalex.org/W1982819582","https://openalex.org/W1983650428","https://openalex.org/W1985797908","https://openalex.org/W1986466989","https://openalex.org/W1986734481","https://openalex.org/W1989138465","https://openalex.org/W1989203151","https://openalex.org/W1990293448","https://openalex.org/W1991327702","https://openalex.org/W1991489078","https://openalex.org/W1993351502","https://openalex.org/W1994116424","https://openalex.org/W1997485359","https://openalex.org/W1997945032","https://openalex.org/W1998208592","https://openalex.org/W2003045140","https://openalex.org/W2005364767","https://openalex.org/W2007252035","https://openalex.org/W2007445014","https://openalex.org/W2007889946","https://openalex.org/W2014491834","https://openalex.org/W2017241570","https://openalex.org/W2019337912","https://openalex.org/W2020549676","https://openalex.org/W2021384486","https://openalex.org/W2023308729","https://openalex.org/W2023774315","https://openalex.org/W2026336769","https://openalex.org/W2028796967","https://openalex.org/W2029327978","https://openalex.org/W2030304587","https://openalex.org/W2030757332","https://openalex.org/W2030863659","https://openalex.org/W2032578483","https://openalex.org/W2033002423","https://openalex.org/W2038753120","https://openalex.org/W2039406637","https://openalex.org/W2043945487","https://openalex.org/W2044627705","https://openalex.org/W2046229376","https://openalex.org/W2046244571","https://openalex.org/W2049364923","https://openalex.org/W2049377351","https://openalex.org/W2051685487","https://openalex.org/W2052115338","https://openalex.org/W2052934174","https://openalex.org/W2053133047","https://openalex.org/W2053668814","https://openalex.org/W2055974435","https://openalex.org/W2059628886","https://openalex.org/W2060794785","https://openalex.org/W2061293131","https://openalex.org/W2065867399","https://openalex.org/W2066005979","https://openalex.org/W2067350775","https://openalex.org/W2073671312","https://openalex.org/W2074866791","https://openalex.org/W2075980456","https://openalex.org/W2077947825","https://openalex.org/W2078902507","https://openalex.org/W2080077081","https://openalex.org/W2081059976","https://openalex.org/W2083480817","https://openalex.org/W2084706717","https://openalex.org/W2086623168","https://openalex.org/W2087435779","https://openalex.org/W2088905834","https://openalex.org/W2089232928","https://openalex.org/W2090801581","https://openalex.org/W2091447799","https://openalex.org/W2093943997","https://openalex.org/W2101229571","https://openalex.org/W2103415708","https://openalex.org/W2105108080","https://openalex.org/W2105204224","https://openalex.org/W2107126982","https://openalex.org/W2111311711","https://openalex.org/W2111490417","https://openalex.org/W2112223757","https://openalex.org/W2113266984","https://openalex.org/W2116040060","https://openalex.org/W2117662930","https://openalex.org/W2122274323","https://openalex.org/W2124403566","https://openalex.org/W2127525722","https://openalex.org/W2127786508","https://openalex.org/W2129931002","https://openalex.org/W2130337868","https://openalex.org/W2131946459","https://openalex.org/W2134149596","https://openalex.org/W2134419850","https://openalex.org/W2138480624","https://openalex.org/W2139403452","https://openalex.org/W2143141990","https://openalex.org/W2144643479","https://openalex.org/W2148628147","https://openalex.org/W2153464712","https://openalex.org/W2155129136","https://openalex.org/W2156813589","https://openalex.org/W2157751608","https://openalex.org/W2166372527","https://openalex.org/W2168012303","https://openalex.org/W2169040237","https://openalex.org/W2170115441","https://openalex.org/W2170246810","https://openalex.org/W2171316493","https://openalex.org/W2184333177","https://openalex.org/W2214756850","https://openalex.org/W2247977030","https://openalex.org/W2249595199","https://openalex.org/W2310867700","https://openalex.org/W2315514179","https://openalex.org/W2316858318","https://openalex.org/W2319323222","https://openalex.org/W2326835954","https://openalex.org/W2328812153","https://openalex.org/W2332640189","https://openalex.org/W2495092824","https://openalex.org/W2523364226","https://openalex.org/W2589078523","https://openalex.org/W2612808597","https://openalex.org/W2616957864","https://openalex.org/W2891784782","https://openalex.org/W2892305250","https://openalex.org/W2906253013","https://openalex.org/W3157407122","https://openalex.org/W4239763840","https://openalex.org/W4246191097","https://openalex.org/W4252855288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2797045863","https://openalex.org/W2801642207","https://openalex.org/W2724926332","https://openalex.org/W4410860161","https://openalex.org/W6977191235","https://openalex.org/W4360601072","https://openalex.org/W4366984480","https://openalex.org/W4205968679","https://openalex.org/W2017241570","https://openalex.org/W4410093757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,5,23,104,122,128,155,260,273,293,330,337,344,349,438,445,456,487],"the":[2,29,102,114,119,125,132,153,156,166,169,195,199,217,231,235,239,244,249,261,287,291,298,305,309,397,403,443,460,464,477],"myriad":[3],"consequences":[4],"war":[6,407],"is":[7],"displacement":[8],"and":[9,27,34,66,108,124,139,146,185,208,213,221,256,276,284,318,334,347,362,371,380,421,492,503],"refugee-ism.":[10],"People":[11],"become":[12],"refugees":[13,33,145,207,317],"when":[14,79],"they":[15,80,82],"no":[16],"longer":[17],"feel":[18],"safe":[19],"in":[20,75,84,111,224,282,412,463,469],"their":[21,45,51,97],"country":[22],"origin.":[24],"Before,":[25],"during,":[26],"after":[28],"journey":[30],"towards":[31,453],"safety,":[32],"internally":[35],"displaced":[36],"persons":[37],"(IDPs)":[38],"endure":[39],"several":[40,58],"challenging":[41,98],"circumstances":[42],"which":[43,312,411],"stretch":[44],"normal":[46,74],"abilities":[47],"to":[48,53,96,304,308,392],"cope.":[49],"In":[50],"efforts":[52],"cope,":[54],"these":[55],"people":[56],"report":[57,91],"mental":[59,70,465,474,498],"health":[60,71,466,475,499],"challenges":[61,72],"like":[62],"sleeplessness,":[63],"hypervigilance,":[64],"anxiety,":[65],"depression.":[67],"The":[68,158,340],"reported":[69],"are":[73],"this":[76,112],"population;":[77],"however,":[78],"persist,":[81],"result":[83],"posttraumatic":[85,105,135,277,294,331,338,350,358,372,415,426],"stress":[86,106,278,295,332,351,359,373],"disorder.":[87],"Surprisingly,":[88],"some":[89,357,379],"also":[90],"obtaining":[92,286],"psychological":[93,109],"growth":[94,110],"due":[95],"circumstances.":[99],"To":[100],"examine":[101],"interplay":[103],"disorder":[107,296,333,352,360,374],"population,":[113],"study":[115,200,262,462],"was":[116,266,322,353,375,390,482],"grounded":[117],"on":[118,476],"cognitive":[120],"theory":[121,127],"trauma":[123,452],"broaden-and-build":[126],"positive":[129],"emotions.":[130],"Thus,":[131],"relationship":[133,167,326,341,368],"among":[134,168,181],"growth,":[136,427],"religious":[137,345],"commitment,":[138],"optimism":[140,370,422],"within":[141],"adult":[142,204,314],"Liberian":[143,205,299,315],"former":[144,206,316],"IDPs":[147,209],"traumatized":[148],"by":[149],"war-related":[150,274],"events":[151,275,408],"became":[152],"focus":[154],"investigation.":[157],"grounding":[159],"theories":[160],"provided":[161,432,495],"four":[162],"hypotheses":[163],"that":[164,178,264,406,434,441],"explored":[165],"constructs,":[170],"as":[171,173,194,401,484],"well":[172],"seven":[174],"exploratory":[175],"research":[176],"questions":[177],"identified":[179],"differences":[180],"participants.":[182],"Through":[183],"purposeful":[184],"snowball":[186],"sampling":[187],"methods,":[188],"five":[189],"hundred":[190],"participants":[191],"were":[192,203,485,494],"selected":[193],"sample;":[196],"444":[197],"returned":[198],"package.":[201],"Participants":[202,226],"who":[210,222],"could":[211,301,423,449],"read":[212],"understand":[214],"English":[215],"at":[216],"8th":[218],"grade":[219],"level,":[220],"lived":[223],"Monrovia.":[225],"completed":[227],"six":[228],"instruments":[229],"\u2013":[230],"Posttraumatic":[232,250],"Growth":[233],"Inventory,":[234,238],"Religious":[236],"Commitment":[237],"Revised":[240],"Life":[241],"Orientation":[242],"Test,":[243],"War":[245],"Trauma":[246],"Screening":[247],"Index,":[248],"Stress":[251],"Disorder":[252],"Checklist":[253],"for":[254,297,356,365,378,383,473,496],"DSM-5,":[255],"demographic":[257],"questionnaire.":[258],"Results":[259,399],"indicated":[263],"there":[265,321],"a":[267,323,386,447,471],"statistically":[268,324,354,376],"significant":[269,325,355,364,377,382],"correlation":[270],"between":[271,327,342,369],"impact":[272],"disorder,":[279],"with":[280,436,442],"alterations":[281],"arousal":[283],"reactivity":[285],"strongest":[288],"correlation.":[289],"However,":[290,417],"presence":[292,444],"sample":[300],"be":[302],"attributed":[303],"recent":[306],"reaction":[307],"Ebola":[310],"virus":[311],"re-traumatized":[313],"IDPs.":[319],"Furthermore,":[320],"all":[328,335],"factors":[329,336,343,348,361],"growth.":[339,416,454],"commitment":[346],"not":[363,381],"others.":[366,384],"Similarly,":[367],"Finally,":[385,489],"structural":[387],"equation":[388],"model":[389],"conducted":[391],"identify":[393],"latent":[394],"variables":[395],"affecting":[396],"relationship.":[398],"indicated,":[400],"per":[402],"hypothesized":[404],"model,":[405],"predicted":[409,414],"trauma,":[410,439],"turn":[413],"even":[418],"though":[419],"religiousness":[420,431],"each":[424],"predict":[425],"optimism,":[428,446],"more":[429],"than":[430],"errors":[433,437],"co-varied":[435],"indicating":[440],"person":[448],"move":[450],"from":[451],"Review":[455],"related":[457],"literature":[458],"situated":[459],"current":[461],"discourse,":[467],"especially":[468],"providing":[470],"voice":[472],"African":[478],"continent.":[479],"Detailed":[480],"methodology":[481],"provided,":[483],"results":[486],"findings.":[488],"summary,":[490],"conclusions,":[491],"recommendations":[493],"both":[497],"workers,":[500],"counselor":[501],"educators,":[502],"researchers.":[504]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2017-03-16T00:00:00"}
