{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2590325860","doi":null,"title":"Sample size calculations for cluster randomised trials, with a focus on ordinal outcomes.","display_name":"Sample size calculations for cluster randomised trials, with a focus on ordinal outcomes.","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2590325860","mag":"2590325860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/12913","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/12913","pdf_url":"http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/12913","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/12913","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004124088","display_name":"Clare Marie Robinson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clare Marie Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004124088"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-calculation","display_name":"sample size determination","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ordinal-outcomes","display_name":"ordinal outcomes","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-effect","display_name":"design effect","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracluster-correlation","display_name":"intra-cluster correlation","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportional-odds-model","display_name":"proportional odds model","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"statistical power","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-size","display_name":"cluster size","score":0.46399998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.6348862648010254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85461838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100785","display_name":"Ordinal data","level":2,"score":0.5214747190475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5152297616004944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.5007386207580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.48820143938064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4513480067253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176400912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3058662","display_name":"Cluster randomised controlled trial","level":3,"score":0.4426875710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4108654856681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.326368510723114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.31643837690353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.2589067816734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2523658871650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11073994636535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.06359860301017761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/12913","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/12913","pdf_url":"http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/12913","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:2590325860","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.775269","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/12913","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/12913","pdf_url":"http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/12913","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2590325860.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2590325860.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W568564792","https://openalex.org/W605082506","https://openalex.org/W638129460","https://openalex.org/W1578032204","https://openalex.org/W1587990062","https://openalex.org/W1977185679","https://openalex.org/W1977652891","https://openalex.org/W1979355574","https://openalex.org/W1980948687","https://openalex.org/W1987730521","https://openalex.org/W1991362225","https://openalex.org/W1994652320","https://openalex.org/W2009578065","https://openalex.org/W2025824275","https://openalex.org/W2027348360","https://openalex.org/W2032039690","https://openalex.org/W2035596392","https://openalex.org/W2036180391","https://openalex.org/W2050387573","https://openalex.org/W2076977294","https://openalex.org/W2091547283","https://openalex.org/W2091752011","https://openalex.org/W2097223884","https://openalex.org/W2110528837","https://openalex.org/W2116171694","https://openalex.org/W2118452659","https://openalex.org/W2118533989","https://openalex.org/W2128659393","https://openalex.org/W2138820298","https://openalex.org/W2141778163","https://openalex.org/W2143437366","https://openalex.org/W2149235857","https://openalex.org/W2149496934","https://openalex.org/W2161649600","https://openalex.org/W2166452755","https://openalex.org/W3127611755","https://openalex.org/W4320288061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099596942","https://openalex.org/W4415027735","https://openalex.org/W2130182216","https://openalex.org/W1983943461","https://openalex.org/W1966282155","https://openalex.org/W77084018","https://openalex.org/W3110279350","https://openalex.org/W2904075432","https://openalex.org/W3184982906","https://openalex.org/W4404703498"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BackgroundA":[0],"common":[1,207],"approach":[2,31],"to":[3,13,72,220,233,245],"sample":[4,16,83,100,152],"size":[5,17,84,101,153],"calculation":[6,154],"for":[7,35,43,86,103,126,151,155],"cluster":[8],"randomised":[9],"trials":[10,195],"(CRTs)":[11],"is":[12,32,58],"calculate":[14],"the":[15,28,45,78,107,115,123,137,164,170,180,185,189,206,223,234,241,271],"assuming":[18],"individual":[19],"randomisation":[20],"and":[21,37,80,105,144,172,177,196,268],"multiply":[22],"it":[23],"by":[24,227,255],"an":[25,140,145,247,253],"inflation":[26],"factor,":[27],"design":[29,49,124,190,243],"effect.This":[30],"well":[33],"established":[34],"binary":[36],"continuous":[38],"outcomes,":[39],"but":[40],"less":[41],"so":[42],"ordinal.As":[44],"variety":[46],"in":[47,158,188,213,240],"trial":[48,120],"increases":[50],"alternative":[51],"or":[52],"more":[53],"complex":[54],"methods":[55,85,102],"are":[56],"required.There":[57],"currently":[59],"no":[60],"single":[61],"resource":[62],"that":[63,110],"provides":[64],"a":[65,74,89,96,131,202,263],"comprehensive":[66,97],"summary":[67],"of":[68,82,99,122,166,184,209,266,270],"methods.This":[69],"thesis":[70],"aims":[71],"provide":[73,95,148],"unique":[75],"contribution":[76],"towards":[77],"review":[79,98],"development":[81],"CRTs,":[87],"with":[88,218,260],"focus":[90],"on":[91,139],"ordinal":[92,127,156,235],"outcomes.":[93],"MethodsI":[94],"CRTs":[104],"summarise":[106],"methodological":[108],"gaps":[109],"remain.Through":[111],"simulation":[112],"I":[113],"evaluate":[114],"power":[116,197],"performance,":[117],"under":[118,201],"realistic":[119],"scenarios,":[121],"effect":[125,191,244],"outcomes":[128,157,217],"calculated":[129,226],"using":[130],"kappa-type":[132,173],"intracluster":[133],"correlation":[134],"coefficient":[135],"(ICC),":[136],"ICC":[138,187],"assumed":[141],"underlying":[142],"variable":[143,182],"ANOVA":[146,171,186,224],"ICC.I":[147],"practical":[149],"guidance":[150],"CRTs.":[159],"ResultsSimulation":[160],"results":[161],"showed":[162],"when":[163],"number":[165,265],"clusters":[167,269],"was":[168,198],"large":[169],"estimates":[174],"were":[175],"equivalent,":[176],"smaller":[178],"than":[179],"latent":[181],"ICC.Use":[183],"produced":[192],"adequately":[193,248],"powered":[194,249],"marginally":[199],"reduced":[200],"minor":[203],"deviation":[204],"from":[205],"assumption":[208],"proportional":[210,261],"odds":[211],"used":[212,239],"ordered":[214,258],"regression.":[215],"ConclusionsFor":[216],"three":[219],"five":[221],"categories":[222],"ICC,":[225],"assigning":[228],"numerical":[229],"equally":[230],"spaced":[231],"scores":[232],"categories,":[236],"can":[237],"be":[238],"simple":[242],"produce":[246],"trial.The":[250],"method":[251],"assumes":[252],"analysis":[254],"random":[256],"effects":[257],"regression":[259],"odds,":[262],"reasonable":[264],"clusters,":[267],"same":[272],"size.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2017-03-03T00:00:00"}
