{"id":"https://openalex.org/W25901493","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21949/1525724","title":"Documenting How States Recently Upgraded to Primary Seat Belt Laws","display_name":"Documenting How States Recently Upgraded to Primary Seat Belt Laws","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W25901493","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21949/1525724","mag":"25901493"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/99589","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/99589","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/99589","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Technical Report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/99589","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041535957","display_name":"Ren\u00e9e M. St. Louis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-2420","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-2420"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"St. Louis, Renee M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019278588","display_name":"Betty J Mercer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mercer, Betty J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050803974","display_name":"David W. Eby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8650-0628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8650-0628"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eby, David W.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor: Transportation Research Institute: Transportation Research Institute","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor: Transportation Research Institute: Transportation Research Institute","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12041","display_name":"Public Health Policies and Education","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11824","display_name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seat-belt-use","display_name":"seat belt use","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-safety-legislation","display_name":"road safety legislation","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-legislation","display_name":"state legislation","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislative-advocacy","display_name":"legislative advocacy","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-profiling","display_name":"racial profiling","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-framing","display_name":"public health framing","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-law-enforcement","display_name":"traffic law enforcement","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupant-fatalities","display_name":"occupant fatalities","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-cost-reduction","display_name":"healthcare cost reduction","score":0.5180000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192852","display_name":"Opposition (politics)","level":3,"score":0.688635528087616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.6330596208572388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6254780888557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.5585739016532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.47740569710731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777639670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200403","display_name":"Seat belt","level":2,"score":0.4771280288696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4223420023918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3084121346473694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.29085418581962585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/99589","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/99589","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/99589","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Technical Report"},{"id":"doi:10.21949/1525724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21949/1525724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21949/1525724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051159","display_name":"ROSA P","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Report"},{"id":"mag:25901493","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45700/45724/811524.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/99589","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/99589","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/99589","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Technical Report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7297000288963318,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3633363915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DTNH22-07-D-00052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332728","display_name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcfqs37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W25901493.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W25901493.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966922403","https://openalex.org/W1978753387","https://openalex.org/W1980975438","https://openalex.org/W2033965670","https://openalex.org/W2046977613"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6926383251","https://openalex.org/W2004734722","https://openalex.org/W6907584470","https://openalex.org/W2055279723","https://openalex.org/W644395950","https://openalex.org/W6888631410","https://openalex.org/W2001645523","https://openalex.org/W580103127","https://openalex.org/W2277165240","https://openalex.org/W7019607213"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"States":[0,45,65,82,178],"with":[1,138],"primary":[2,37,52,71,119,153,190,209,218,344,394,410],"seat":[3,48,210],"belt":[4,12,20,49,72,121,191,211,352,376,411],"enforcement":[5,53,154,395],"laws":[6,50,86,122,412],"consistently":[7,27],"have":[8,28],"higher":[9],"observed":[10],"daytime":[11],"use":[13,377],"rates":[14],"than":[15,36],"secondary":[16],"law":[17,21,38,212,219,345,353,371],"States.":[18,39],"Secondary":[19],"States,":[22],"on":[23,113,290,329,366],"the":[24,41,58,114,148,162,174,184,234,239,251,284,294,391],"other":[25,360],"hand,":[26],"more":[29],"occupant":[30],"fatalities":[31],"who":[32,143],"were":[33,136,195,204,325],"not":[34],"restrained":[35],"Since":[40],"year":[42],"2000,":[43],"14":[44],"upgraded":[46],"their":[47,85],"to":[51,69,89,110,124,152,155,168,187,245,275,286,303,408,422],"status.":[54],"This":[55],"study":[56,81,177],"documented":[57],"roles,":[59],"strategies,":[60,158],"resources,":[61],"and":[62,101,123,127,164,198,230,242,269,278,288,308,313,332,370,385,388,405,417],"arguments":[63],"these":[64,170,337],"used":[66,167,186,266],"in":[67,87,147,181,206,233,238,296,364,380,401,413],"efforts":[68,197],"pass":[70,188],"laws.":[73],"In-depth":[74],"information":[75,277],"was":[76,179,354],"gathered":[77],"from":[78,161,396],"10":[79,175],"case":[80,176],"that":[83,203,215,342],"passed":[84],"2004":[88],"2009":[90],"(Tennessee,":[91],"South":[92],"Carolina,":[93],"Alaska,":[94],"Mississippi,":[95],"Kentucky,":[96],"Maine,":[97],"Minnesota,":[98],"Arkansas,":[99],"Florida,":[100],"Wisconsin).":[102],"The":[103,320],"research":[104],"team":[105],"conducted":[106,137],"a":[107,139,189,208,217,221,225,260,299,315,343],"literature":[108],"review":[109],"provide":[111,276],"background":[112],"legislative":[115,318],"histories":[116],"of":[117,141,150,173,183,228,250,253,262,281,298,317,327,393],"passing":[118,207,216],"safety":[120],"identify":[125,156],"people":[126,142],"topics":[128],"for":[129,267],"subsequent":[130],"interviews.":[131],"Over":[132],"80":[133],"in-depth":[134],"interviews":[135],"variety":[140,316],"played":[144],"key":[145],"roles":[146],"process":[149],"upgrading":[151],"successful":[157],"describe":[159],"concerns":[160,280,324,338],"opposition,":[163],"outline":[165],"approaches":[166],"overcome":[169],"concerns.":[171,426],"Each":[172],"unique":[180,235],"terms":[182,297,416],"approach":[185],"law,":[192],"but":[193],"there":[194],"common":[196],"themes":[199],"among":[200],"them.":[201],"Issues":[202],"important":[205],"included:":[213],"understanding":[214],"is":[220],"multiyear":[222],"effort":[223],"involving":[224],"broad-based":[226],"network":[227],"organizations":[229],"individuals":[231],"working":[232],"political":[236],"situation":[237],"State;":[240],"identifying":[241],"effectively":[243],"responding":[244],"opposition":[246,323],"arguments;":[247],"maximizing":[248],"awareness":[249],"availability":[252],"Section":[254],"406":[255],"Safety":[256],"Belt":[257],"Performance":[258],"Grants,":[259],"portion":[261],"which":[263],"could":[264],"be":[265],"highway":[268],"infrastructure":[270],"projects;":[271],"using":[272,314],"paid":[273],"lobbyists":[274],"address":[279,423],"legislators;":[282],"engaging":[283],"media":[285],"enlist":[287],"report":[289],"public":[291,300,368,414],"support;":[292],"presenting":[293],"bill":[295],"health":[301,382,415],"issue":[302,392],"save":[304,386],"lives,":[305],"reduce":[306,309],"injuries,":[307],"State":[310,351],"medical":[311,406],"expenditures;":[312],"techniques.":[319],"top":[321],"two":[322],"intrusion":[326],"government":[328],"personal":[330],"freedoms":[331],"racial":[333,397,424],"profiling.":[334,398],"Advocates":[335],"addressed":[336],"by":[339,389],"pointing":[340],"out":[341],"simply":[346],"changed":[347],"how":[348,374],"an":[349],"existing":[350],"enforced,":[355],"making":[356],"it":[357],"like":[358],"all":[359],"traffic":[361],"violations;":[362],"bringing":[363],"experts":[365],"race,":[367],"health,":[369],"enforcement,":[372],"showing":[373],"increasing":[375],"would":[378],"result":[379],"significant":[381],"care":[383],"savings":[384],"lives;":[387],"separating":[390],"Many":[399],"brought":[400],"minority":[402],"groups,":[403],"universities,":[404],"communities":[407],"discuss":[409],"some":[418],"included":[419],"separate":[420],"legislation":[421],"profiling":[425]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-31T07:19:18.363097","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}