{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2590136591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","title":"Predicting floods with Flickr tags","display_name":"Predicting floods with Flickr tags","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2590136591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","mag":"2590136591","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28235035","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5325575"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016443616","display_name":"Nataliya Tkachenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4740-6708","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4740-6708"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nataliya Tkachenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warwick Institute for the Science of Cities, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4740-6708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick Institute for the Science of Cities, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051267613","display_name":"Stephen A. Jarvis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1249-2167","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1249-2167"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Jarvis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","Warwick Institute for the Science of Cities, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick Institute for the Science of Cities, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056201855","display_name":"Rob Procter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8059-5224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8059-5224"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rob Procter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","Warwick Institute for the Science of Cities, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick Institute for the Science of Cities, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016443616"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":4.2508,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94601724,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"e0172870","last_page":"e0172870"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11121","display_name":"Public Relations and Crisis Communication","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-forecasting","display_name":"flood forecasting","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-generated-content","display_name":"user-generated content","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"social media","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volunteered-geographic-information","display_name":"volunteered geographic information","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysemy","display_name":"polysemy","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning","display_name":"early warning","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nowcasting","display_name":"nowcasting","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-hazards","display_name":"natural hazards","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-metadata","display_name":"image metadata","score":0.5450000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.7996419668197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.7824394702911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6624640822410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6321189403533936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5402311086654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.48800888657569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.44687727093696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4183492660522461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.4145893454551697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4128567576408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.35206907987594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.26179179549217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003625","descriptor_name":"Data Collection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004189","descriptor_name":"Disaster Planning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004190","descriptor_name":"Disasters","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004784","descriptor_name":"Environmental Monitoring","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005843","descriptor_name":"Geography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055867","descriptor_name":"Cyclonic Storms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055868","descriptor_name":"Floods","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061108","descriptor_name":"Social Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5325575","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5325575/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5325575/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4196276","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5325575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:28235035","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28235035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:86185","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/86185/1/WRAP_journal.pone.0172870.pdf","pdf_url":"http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/86185/1/WRAP_journal.pone.0172870.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:plo:pone00:0172870","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bd2c94ee06544376a5ef5c6c17c89053","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bd2c94ee06544376a5ef5c6c17c89053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 12, Iss 2, p e0172870 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/dd2a11dd-81e7-489d-b91f-d7b2f422de2e","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/dd2a11dd-81e7-489d-b91f-d7b2f422de2e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tkachenko, N, Jarvis, S & Procter, R 2017, 'Predicting floods with flickr tags', PLoS ONE, vol. 12, no. 2, e0172870. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6234999895095825,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5877719475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1500267","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G899962378","display_name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Urban Science and Progress","funder_award_id":"EP/L016400/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321464","display_name":"British Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/04a7gbp98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2590136591.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2590136591.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72047504","https://openalex.org/W621623764","https://openalex.org/W1489032534","https://openalex.org/W1588230401","https://openalex.org/W1613756701","https://openalex.org/W1644164569","https://openalex.org/W1967279730","https://openalex.org/W1981048805","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W1987623712","https://openalex.org/W1994530392","https://openalex.org/W2011542105","https://openalex.org/W2033200726","https://openalex.org/W2054405285","https://openalex.org/W2064446244","https://openalex.org/W2109779438","https://openalex.org/W2118480788","https://openalex.org/W2148437670","https://openalex.org/W2154101027","https://openalex.org/W2250384498","https://openalex.org/W2251872787","https://openalex.org/W2251938799","https://openalex.org/W2336550466","https://openalex.org/W2408433719","https://openalex.org/W2495635468","https://openalex.org/W2995084382","https://openalex.org/W3124505366","https://openalex.org/W4230832502","https://openalex.org/W4246504985","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6602918595"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3119167778","https://openalex.org/W2798717693","https://openalex.org/W2592738785","https://openalex.org/W2958269571","https://openalex.org/W2968453622","https://openalex.org/W3036529666","https://openalex.org/W3124252851","https://openalex.org/W2734484864","https://openalex.org/W7166578661","https://openalex.org/W2141413155"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increasingly,":[0],"user":[1],"generated":[2],"content":[3,105],"(UGC)":[4],"in":[5,49,135],"social":[6,126],"media":[7,127],"postings":[8],"and":[9,16,35,85,112,184],"their":[10,163],"associated":[11],"metadata":[12,113],"such":[13,31,160,187],"as":[14,32,64,130],"time":[15],"location":[17],"stamps":[18],"are":[19,46,76,139],"being":[20],"used":[21,193],"to":[22,66,79,142,194],"provide":[23,56,72,195],"useful":[24],"operational":[25],"information":[26],"during":[27,179],"natural":[28],"hazard":[29,63,94],"events":[30,183],"hurricanes,":[33],"storms":[34],"floods.":[36],"The":[37],"main":[38,157],"advantage":[39],"of":[40,44,61,92,103,122,132,148,159,173,176,198],"these":[41],"new":[42],"sources":[43],"data":[45,190],"twofold.":[47],"First,":[48],"a":[50,93,120],"purely":[51],"additive":[52],"sense,":[53],"they":[54,71,87],"can":[55,191],"much":[57,123],"denser":[58],"geographical":[59],"coverage":[60],"the":[62,90,96,104,136,143,149,156],"compared":[65],"traditional":[67],"sensor":[68],"networks.":[69],"Second,":[70],"what":[73],"physical":[74],"sensors":[75],"not":[77],"able":[78],"do:":[80],"By":[81],"documenting":[82],"personal":[83],"observations":[84],"experiences,":[86],"directly":[88],"record":[89],"impact":[91],"on":[95],"human":[97],"environment.":[98],"For":[99],"this":[100,168],"reason":[101],"interpretation":[102],"(e.g.,":[106,114,151],"hashtags,":[107],"images,":[108],"text,":[109],"emojis,":[110],"etc)":[111],"keywords,":[115],"tags,":[116],"geolocation)":[117],"have":[118],"been":[119],"focus":[121],"research":[124],"into":[125],"analytics.":[128],"However,":[129],"choices":[131],"semantic":[133],"tags":[134,175],"current":[137],"methods":[138],"usually":[140],"reduced":[141],"exact":[144],"name":[145],"or":[146,154],"type":[147],"event":[150,200],"hashtags":[152],"'#Sandy'":[153],"'#flooding'),":[155],"limitation":[158],"approaches":[161],"remains":[162],"mere":[164],"nowcasting":[165],"capacity.":[166],"In":[167],"study":[169],"we":[170],"make":[171],"use":[172],"polysemous":[174],"images":[177],"posted":[178],"several":[180],"recent":[181],"flood":[182],"demonstrate":[185],"how":[186],"volunteered":[188],"geographic":[189],"be":[192],"early":[196],"warning":[197],"an":[199],"before":[201],"its":[202],"outbreak.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2017-03-03T00:00:00"}