{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2587979114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.541","title":"Big Data in Environment and Human Health","display_name":"Big Data in Environment and Human Health","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2587979114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.541","mag":"2587979114"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605121","display_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science","raw_type":"reference-entry"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143685804","display_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science"},"type":"reference-entry","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086043230","display_name":"Lora E. Fleming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1076-9967","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1076-9967","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4566-2855"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lora Fleming","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077554326","display_name":"Niccol\u00f2 Tempini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5100-5376","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5100-5376"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niccol\u00f2 Tempini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067027277","display_name":"Harriet Gordon-Brown","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harriet Gordon-Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017240327","display_name":"Gordon L. Nichols","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0773-9556","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0773-9556"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I348769827","display_name":"Public Health England","ror":"https://ror.org/00vbvha87","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311074006","https://openalex.org/I348769827"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon L Nichols","raw_affiliation_strings":["Public Health England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Health England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I348769827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000571888","display_name":"Christophe E. Sarran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0605-8839","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0605-8839"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293035123","display_name":"Met Office","ror":"https://ror.org/01ch2yn61","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293035123"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christophe Sarran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Met Office"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Met Office","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293035123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085715708","display_name":"Paolo Vineis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8935-4566","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8935-4566"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Vineis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016661663","display_name":"Giovanni Sebastiano Leonardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-1762","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-1762"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I348769827","display_name":"Public Health England","ror":"https://ror.org/00vbvha87","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311074006","https://openalex.org/I348769827"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Leonardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Public Health England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Health England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I348769827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109893104","display_name":"Brian W. Golding","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293035123","display_name":"Met Office","ror":"https://ror.org/01ch2yn61","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293035123"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Golding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Met Office"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Met Office","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293035123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080652975","display_name":"Andy Haines","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8053-4605","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8053-4605"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy Haines","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091494626","display_name":"Anthony S Kessel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0278-8313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0278-8313"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I348769827","display_name":"Public Health England","ror":"https://ror.org/00vbvha87","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311074006","https://openalex.org/I348769827"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Kessel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Public Health England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Health England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I348769827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044055220","display_name":"Virginia S.G. Murray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-4024","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-4024"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I348769827","display_name":"Public Health England","ror":"https://ror.org/00vbvha87","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311074006","https://openalex.org/I348769827"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Virginia Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Public Health England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Public Health England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I348769827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079667228","display_name":"Michael H. Depledge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7216-0439","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7216-0439"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Depledge","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027303084","display_name":"Sabina Leonelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7815-6609","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7815-6609"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabina Leonelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14280","display_name":"Big Data Technologies and Applications","score":0.47290000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14280","display_name":"Big Data Technologies and Applications","score":0.47290000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14393","display_name":"Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging","score":0.19480000436306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14169","display_name":"Public Health and Environmental Issues","score":0.15410000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"big data","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mashups","display_name":"data mashups","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"environmental health","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-adaptation","display_name":"climate change adaptation","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zika-virus","display_name":"Zika virus","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ebola-virus","display_name":"Ebola virus","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizen-science","display_name":"citizen science","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-linkage","display_name":"data linkage","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-privacy","display_name":"data privacy","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdisciplinary-research","display_name":"interdisciplinary research","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-cities","display_name":"smart cities","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-data-confidentiality","display_name":"health data confidentiality","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-standardization","display_name":"data standardization","score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-data-sharing","display_name":"health data sharing","score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-governance","display_name":"data governance","score":0.33000001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.7627311944961548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5591734647750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196126337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821080","display_name":"Mashup","level":4,"score":0.46375539898872375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.456678569316864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987857752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147","display_name":"Human health","level":2,"score":0.43239104747772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776356880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381206","display_name":"Environmental data","level":2,"score":0.41217219829559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36567389965057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24179887771606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.19467055797576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.1928856372833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1357085406780243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12214699387550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.11334690451622009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182321512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153289","display_name":"Web standards","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605121","display_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science","raw_type":"reference-entry"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W564943520","https://openalex.org/W1500693574","https://openalex.org/W1548849615","https://openalex.org/W1568390176","https://openalex.org/W1881329684","https://openalex.org/W1934844772","https://openalex.org/W1964803288","https://openalex.org/W2008957977","https://openalex.org/W2010500041","https://openalex.org/W2026313323","https://openalex.org/W2034525043","https://openalex.org/W2039544364","https://openalex.org/W2044661415","https://openalex.org/W2045490444","https://openalex.org/W2053857521","https://openalex.org/W2053940732","https://openalex.org/W2058125993","https://openalex.org/W2064842021","https://openalex.org/W2068181924","https://openalex.org/W2074396925","https://openalex.org/W2075378012","https://openalex.org/W2075557608","https://openalex.org/W2081259270","https://openalex.org/W2096971036","https://openalex.org/W2098386120","https://openalex.org/W2104923010","https://openalex.org/W2108510859","https://openalex.org/W2109108939","https://openalex.org/W2120297847","https://openalex.org/W2120894392","https://openalex.org/W2125302790","https://openalex.org/W2127293276","https://openalex.org/W2129397798","https://openalex.org/W2146068062","https://openalex.org/W2155354890","https://openalex.org/W2155376333","https://openalex.org/W2157647092","https://openalex.org/W2158640797","https://openalex.org/W2160542585","https://openalex.org/W2162121633","https://openalex.org/W2166445532","https://openalex.org/W2166457153","https://openalex.org/W2166865790","https://openalex.org/W2169969573","https://openalex.org/W2175751433","https://openalex.org/W2302501749","https://openalex.org/W2321301737","https://openalex.org/W2328646621","https://openalex.org/W2336950840","https://openalex.org/W2346607019","https://openalex.org/W2395795696","https://openalex.org/W2415333711","https://openalex.org/W2508424442","https://openalex.org/W2523080212","https://openalex.org/W2555391182","https://openalex.org/W2556510859","https://openalex.org/W2560468995","https://openalex.org/W2967583913","https://openalex.org/W3122747030","https://openalex.org/W3125246103","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2580401849","https://openalex.org/W4405871683","https://openalex.org/W6912352953","https://openalex.org/W2609090635","https://openalex.org/W1698203258","https://openalex.org/W2219235714","https://openalex.org/W4318829604","https://openalex.org/W3215798604","https://openalex.org/W2805470867","https://openalex.org/W7110639772"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Big":[1],"data":[2,9,71,82,211,256,258,290,309,320,343,365,381,427,432,436,448,483,502,520,558,580,628,678,681],"refers":[3],"to":[4,20,31,53,92,119,163,167,214,221,234,310,441,444,457,474,519,562,590,684],"large,":[5],"complex,":[6],"potentially":[7],"linkable":[8],"from":[10,14,107,227],"diverse":[11,273,285],"sources,":[12],"ranging":[13],"the":[15,25,48,54,67,90,97,104,109,113,128,136,174,203,206,224,247,262,287,308,326,329,360,368,372,411,415,442,451,459,465,476,487,499,517,539,548,552,593,610,615,621,643,663,674],"genome":[16],"and":[17,24,35,38,43,74,86,95,100,115,125,141,161,169,183,186,198,215,223,230,232,240,244,257,264,269,282,294,297,316,334,377,383,389,429,431,447,470,473,482,489,509,514,521,554,582,595,600,612,623,631,633,646,658,665,679,686],"social":[18],"media,":[19,611],"individual":[21],"health":[22,76,88,101,142,222,266,270,364,376,435,490,632,688],"information":[23,242,463],"contributions":[26],"of":[27,57,69,80,103,112,138,184,192,209,217,289,300,307,328,362,399,461,479,496,541,550,556,579,598,614,626,649,662,673,676],"citizen":[28,237,530],"science":[29,238,656],"monitoring,":[30],"large-scale":[32],"long-term":[33,577],"oceanographic":[34],"climate":[36,122,168],"modeling":[37,120],"its":[39],"processing":[40],"in":[41,72,84,189,261,345,359,370,375,414,532,629,641],"innovative":[42,156],"integrated":[44],"\u201cdata":[45],"mashups.\u201d":[46],"Over":[47],"past":[49],"few":[50],"decades,":[51],"thanks":[52],"rapid":[55],"expansion":[56],"computer":[58],"technology,":[59],"there":[60,250,567],"has":[61],"been":[62,336],"a":[63,355,397],"growing":[64],"appreciation":[65],"for":[66,181,205,352,450,464],"potential":[68,178,204,625,675],"big":[70,81,255,426,471,497,557,627,677,680],"environment":[73,85,99,140,225,263,488,630,685],"human":[75,87,199,265,687],"research.":[77],"The":[78],"promise":[79],"mashups":[83],"includes":[89],"ability":[91],"truly":[93],"explore":[94],"understand":[96],"\u201cwicked":[98],"problems\u201d":[102],"21st":[105],"century,":[106],"tracking":[108],"global":[110],"spread":[111],"Zika":[114],"Ebola":[116],"virus":[117],"epidemics":[118],"future":[121],"change":[123,172,197],"impacts":[124],"adaptation":[126],"at":[127,152],"city":[129],"or":[130,165,408,453,512],"national":[131],"level.":[132],"Other":[133],"opportunities":[134,233],"include":[135],"possibility":[137],"identifying":[139],"hot":[143],"spots":[144],"(i.e.,":[145,342],"locations":[146],"where":[147,155,331,506],"people":[148],"and/or":[149],"places":[150],"are":[151,251,286,322,347,392,587,618,690],"particular":[153],"risk),":[154],"interventions":[157],"can":[158,403,575,638],"be":[159,639],"designed":[160],"evaluated":[162],"prevent":[164],"adapt":[166],"other":[170,494,635],"environmental":[171,196,378],"over":[173,571],"long":[175],"term":[176],"with":[177,254,276,304,493,538,547,592],"(co-)":[179],"benefits":[180,220],"health;":[182],"locating":[185],"filling":[187],"gaps":[188],"existing":[190],"knowledge":[191],"relevant":[193,357],"linkages":[194],"between":[195],"health.":[200],"There":[201,395],"is":[202,396,504,535,564,568,652],"increasing":[207],"control":[208],"personal":[210],"(both":[212],"access":[213,518],"generation":[216],"these":[218,339,405,602],"data),":[219,302],"(e.g.,":[226],"smart":[228],"homes":[229],"cities),":[231],"contribute":[235],"via":[236],"research":[239,278,373,469,510,533,689],"share":[241],"locally":[243],"globally.":[245],"At":[246],"same":[248],"time,":[249],"challenges":[252,439,664],"inherent":[253],"mashups,":[259],"particularly":[260,356],"arena.":[267],"Environment":[268],"represent":[271],"very":[272],"scientific":[274],"areas":[275,495],"different":[277,298],"cultures,":[279],"ethos,":[280],"languages,":[281],"expertise.":[283],"Equally":[284],"types":[288,299,321],"involved":[291],"(including":[292],"time":[293,315],"spatial":[295],"scales,":[296],"modeled":[301],"often":[303,348,588],"no":[305],"standardization":[306],"allow":[311],"easy":[312],"linkage":[313],"beyond":[314],"space":[317],"variables,":[318],"as":[319,385,387,423,529,667,669],"mostly":[323],"shaped":[324],"by":[325,468],"needs":[327],"communities":[330,374,466],"they":[332],"originated":[333,351],"have":[335,410,437,516],"used.":[337],"Furthermore,":[338],"\u201csecondary":[340],"data\u201d":[341],"re-used":[344],"research)":[346],"not":[349],"even":[350,528],"this":[353],"purpose,":[354],"distinction":[358],"context":[361],"routine":[363],"re-use.":[366],"And":[367],"ways":[369],"which":[371],"sciences":[379],"approach":[380],"analysis":[382],"synthesis,":[384],"well":[386,668],"statistical":[388],"mathematical":[390],"modeling,":[391],"widely":[393],"different.":[394],"lack":[398],"trained":[400],"personnel":[401,561],"who":[402,409],"span":[404],"interdisciplinary":[406],"divides":[407],"necessary":[412],"expertise":[413],"techniques":[416],"that":[417,584],"make":[418],"adequate":[419],"bridging":[420],"possible,":[421],"such":[422],"software":[424],"development,":[425],"management":[428],"storage,":[430],"analyses.":[433],"Moreover,":[434],"unique":[438],"due":[440],"need":[443],"maintain":[445],"confidentiality":[446],"privacy":[449],"individuals":[452],"groups":[454],"being":[455,653],"studied,":[456],"evaluate":[458],"implications":[460],"shared":[462],"affected":[467],"data,":[472,498],"resolve":[475],"long-standing":[477],"issues":[478],"intellectual":[480],"property":[481],"ownership":[484],"occurring":[485],"throughout":[486],"fields.":[491],"As":[492],"new":[500,645],"\u201cdigital":[501],"divide\u201d":[503],"growing,":[505],"some":[507,542,670],"researchers":[508],"groups,":[511],"corporations":[513],"governments,":[515,609],"computing":[522],"resources":[523,559],"while":[524],"others":[525],"do":[526],"not,":[527],"participation":[531],"initiatives":[534],"increasing.":[536],"Finally":[537],"exception":[540],"business-related":[543],"activities,":[544],"funding,":[545],"especially":[546],"aim":[549],"encouraging":[551],"sustainability":[553],"accessibility":[555],"(from":[560],"hardware),":[563],"currently":[565],"inadequate;":[566],"widespread":[569],"disagreement":[570],"what":[572],"business":[573],"models":[574],"support":[576],"maintenance":[578],"infrastructures,":[581],"those":[583],"exist":[585],"now":[586],"unable":[589],"deal":[591],"complexity":[594],"resource-intensive":[596],"nature":[597],"maintaining":[599],"updating":[601],"tools.":[603],"Nevertheless,":[604],"researchers,":[605],"policy":[606,657],"makers,":[607],"funders,":[608],"members":[613],"general":[616],"public":[617],"increasingly":[619],"recognizing":[620],"innovation":[622],"creativity":[624],"many":[634],"areas.":[636],"This":[637],"seen":[640],"how":[642],"relatively":[644],"powerful":[647],"movement":[648],"Open":[650],"Data":[651],"crystalized":[654],"into":[655],"funding":[659],"guidelines.":[660],"Some":[661],"opportunities,":[666],"salient":[671],"examples,":[672],"mashup":[682],"applications":[683],"discussed.":[691]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2017-02-24T00:00:00"}