{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2586513790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1372","title":"The Scale of Global Modernisms: Imperial, National, Regional, Local","display_name":"The Scale of Global Modernisms: Imperial, National, Regional, Local","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2586513790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1372","mag":"2586513790"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210171065","display_name":"PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America","issn_l":"0030-8129","issn":["0030-8129","1938-1530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048394826","display_name":"Harsha Ram","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Harsha Ram","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048394826"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.8302,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98914317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"131","issue":"5","first_page":"1372","last_page":"1385"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13778","display_name":"Comparative and World Literature","score":0.6190999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13778","display_name":"Comparative and World Literature","score":0.6190999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12974","display_name":"Modernist Literature and Criticism","score":0.2865999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11717","display_name":"Postcolonial and Cultural Literary Studies","score":0.04360000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-modernism","display_name":"global modernism","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"scale","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transnational-literature","display_name":"transnational literature","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-literature","display_name":"world literature","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-systems-theory","display_name":"world-systems theory","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/center-periphery-relations","display_name":"center-periphery relations","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literary-circulation","display_name":"literary circulation","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperialism","display_name":"imperialism","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nation-state","display_name":"nation-state","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regionalism-arts","display_name":"regionalism (arts)","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modernity","display_name":"modernity","score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmentalism","display_name":"developmentalism","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-logic","display_name":"spatial logic","score":0.4490000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778682666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11084414","display_name":"Modernity","level":2,"score":0.6617739200592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.5131796002388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776126450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8035283","display_name":"World-system","level":3,"score":0.45354050397872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53844881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856122","display_name":"Modernization theory","level":2,"score":0.4194612503051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4186272919178009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.40465885400772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.33453869819641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3315966725349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3222337067127228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.30906814336776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.22580116987228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.22224172949790955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.183729887008667}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210171065","display_name":"PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America","issn_l":"0030-8129","issn":["0030-8129","1938-1530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W126525493","https://openalex.org/W258720544","https://openalex.org/W561325106","https://openalex.org/W563638565","https://openalex.org/W567874658","https://openalex.org/W589124883","https://openalex.org/W608871290","https://openalex.org/W609989197","https://openalex.org/W610104431","https://openalex.org/W625356954","https://openalex.org/W631128470","https://openalex.org/W637435779","https://openalex.org/W650273100","https://openalex.org/W651799100","https://openalex.org/W657044929","https://openalex.org/W1489127169","https://openalex.org/W1496054820","https://openalex.org/W1505353420","https://openalex.org/W1581023109","https://openalex.org/W1596624131","https://openalex.org/W1607946100","https://openalex.org/W1803225698","https://openalex.org/W1912522452","https://openalex.org/W1955817254","https://openalex.org/W1966000430","https://openalex.org/W1973051082","https://openalex.org/W1974271503","https://openalex.org/W1976904375","https://openalex.org/W2004038836","https://openalex.org/W2007398701","https://openalex.org/W2019431510","https://openalex.org/W2021352336","https://openalex.org/W2038496162","https://openalex.org/W2045293889","https://openalex.org/W2054418138","https://openalex.org/W2059129730","https://openalex.org/W2068915755","https://openalex.org/W2088119871","https://openalex.org/W2114687908","https://openalex.org/W2118210456","https://openalex.org/W2129428339","https://openalex.org/W2146759026","https://openalex.org/W2155197526","https://openalex.org/W2164908151","https://openalex.org/W2204915224","https://openalex.org/W2211548629","https://openalex.org/W2292435080","https://openalex.org/W2325098734","https://openalex.org/W2328761963","https://openalex.org/W2331382402","https://openalex.org/W2333841724","https://openalex.org/W2482681051","https://openalex.org/W2492004322","https://openalex.org/W2502294632","https://openalex.org/W2506255180","https://openalex.org/W2729832806","https://openalex.org/W2768522903","https://openalex.org/W2994795030","https://openalex.org/W3093453598","https://openalex.org/W3134274019","https://openalex.org/W3215383465","https://openalex.org/W4205198699","https://openalex.org/W4229700798","https://openalex.org/W4230420320","https://openalex.org/W4256092130","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299307880","https://openalex.org/W4299684461","https://openalex.org/W4300166276","https://openalex.org/W4301137485","https://openalex.org/W4302776880","https://openalex.org/W4388403385"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248107560","https://openalex.org/W2781547092","https://openalex.org/W4200265120","https://openalex.org/W2102933229","https://openalex.org/W18495729","https://openalex.org/W2147238254","https://openalex.org/W1488549552","https://openalex.org/W2913775931","https://openalex.org/W1480169381","https://openalex.org/W2054031763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,8,12,20,34,42,62,107,112,119,124,142,147,156,167,179,185,192,226,240,250,262],"the":[2,6,18,24,39,60,70,76,88,97,104,113,120,131,139,144,153,157,160,164,168,177,190,223,237,243,258,268,286,293,299,302,327],"Principal":[3],"Challenges":[4],"Facing":[5],"Study":[7],"Global":[9],"Modernisms,":[10],"as":[11,73,75,103,134,277,296,305],"Any":[13],"Transnational":[14],"Cultural":[15],"Phenomenon,":[16],"is":[17,265,275],"question":[19],"scale.":[21],"In":[22],"declaring":[23],"contemporary":[25],"world":[26,35,66,115,133,269,303],"to":[27,69,79,222,247,284],"be":[28],"\u201cone,":[29],"andunequal,\u201d":[30],"several":[31],"recent":[32],"theorizations":[33],"literature":[36],"rest":[37],"on":[38,242],"foundational":[40],"assumption":[41],"a":[43,135,193,248,278],"unified\u2014albeit":[44],"uneven\u2014planetary":[45],"scale":[46],"(Moretti,":[47],"\u201cConjectures\u201d":[48],"56;":[49],"see":[50,310,330],"also":[51],"Casanova":[52],"62-74;":[53],"WREC":[54,319],"6-12).":[55],"As":[56],"such":[57,306],"they":[58,99],"model":[59],"dynamic":[61],"literary":[63,308],"circulation":[64],"across":[65],"regions":[67,246],"according":[68],"geographic":[71],"distances,":[72,95],"well":[74],"disproportionate":[77],"access":[78],"socioeconomic":[80],"and":[81,86,96,117,126,171,182,187,231,255,326],"cultural":[82],"resources,":[83],"that":[84,111,118,290],"separate":[85],"distinguish":[87],"world's":[89,244],"centers":[90],"from":[91,152,172],"their":[92],"peripheries.":[93],"These":[94],"inequalities":[98],"generate,":[100],"are":[101],"perceived":[102],"necessary":[105],"by-products":[106],"two":[108],"spatial":[109,232],"logics,":[110],"expanding":[114],"market":[116],"modern":[121,132],"Westphalian":[122],"system":[123,137,270,304],"sovereign":[125],"competing":[127],"nation-states.":[128],"To":[129],"posit":[130],"singular":[136,194],"has":[138,198,209],"undoubted":[140],"merit":[141],"acknowledging":[143],"structural":[145],"connectedness":[146],"its":[148,173,213],"operative":[149],"inequalities,":[150],"arising":[151],"territorial":[154],"partition":[155],"globe":[158],"by":[159,257,298],"imperial":[161],"powers":[162],"during":[163],"final":[165],"decades":[166],"nineteenth":[169],"century":[170],"simultaneous":[174],"unification":[175],"in":[176,254,292,324],"wake":[178],"accelerating":[180],"trade":[181],"new":[183],"infrastructures":[184],"transport":[186],"communication.":[188],"Nevertheless,":[189],"premise":[191],"modernity":[195,241],"(Jameson":[196],"142)":[197],"been":[199,210],"repeatedly":[200],"challenged":[201],"(Chakrabarty":[202],"6-16;":[203],"Mitchell;":[204],"Scott":[205],"113-15;":[206],"Orsini).":[207],"It":[208],"faulted":[211],"for":[212,321],"developmentalist":[214],"logic,":[215],"involving":[216],"an":[217],"implied":[218],"or":[219,228],"explicit":[220],"adherence":[221],"related":[224],"assumptions":[225],"linear":[227],"stadial":[229],"historicism":[230],"diffusionism,":[233],"which":[234],"together":[235],"reduce":[236],"negotiated":[238],"impact":[239],"far-flung":[245],"process":[249],"top-down":[251],"modernization":[252],"originating":[253],"imposed":[256],"West.":[259],"The":[260],"force":[261],"this":[263],"critique":[264],"blunted":[266],"once":[267],"(Wallerstein;":[271],"Hopkins":[272],"et":[273],"al.)":[274],"grasped":[276],"profoundly":[279],"uneven":[280],"totality,":[281],"allowing":[282],"us":[283],"view":[285],"multiply":[287],"differentiated":[288],"space-times":[289],"coexist":[291],"global":[294],"present":[295],"produced":[297],"imbalances":[300],"constituting":[301],"(in":[307],"scholarship,":[309],"Anderson,":[311],"\u201cModernity\u201d;":[312],"Moretti,Modern":[313],"Epic50-52;":[314],"Wollaeger":[315],"13-14;":[316],"Lazarus":[317],"232-41,":[318],"1-95;":[320],"corresponding":[322],"debates":[323],"historiography":[325],"social":[328],"sciences,":[329],"Harootunian":[331],"62-63;":[332],"Cooper":[333],"113-49;":[334],"Chibber).":[335]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2017-02-17T00:00:00"}